SYNTAX

Clauses
Definision

A clause is a group of words with its own subject and verb.

Examples:
 Since she laughs at diffident men
 Because she smiled at him
 When the saints go marching in
Two Kinds of Clauses

■ NDEPENDENT CLAUSES has a subject and a verb and can stand by itself as a
complete sentence.
■ Examples:
 The school will be closed
 I go
Two Kinds of Clauses

2. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
◦ also known as “Dependent Clause”.
◦ A subordinate clause, although it has a subject and a verb, cannot stand by itself as a
sentence; it is only part of a sentence.
Examples:
 After the children left for school
 Because I love grammar
Subordinate Clauses
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (a.k.a. relative clause)
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun by telling what
kind or which one.
 Example:
The rug, which I bought yesterday, is beige.
I still remember the time when you broke your arm
Adjective Clause is divided into two types, there are :
1. Essensial Adjective Clause
2. Nonessential Adjective Clause
Adjective Clauses

Essential Adjective Clause – begins with a relative pronoun like that or who. An essential
clause is not set off by commas.
Example:
 The building that they built in San Francisco sold for a lot of money.
Nonessential Adjective Clause – begins with a relative pronoun like which or who and set
off by commas.
Example:
 The building, which they built in San Francisco, sold for a lot of money.
Subordinate Clause

ADVERB CLAUSES
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, adjective, adverb, or verbal. it
does this by pointing out where, when, in what manner, to what extent, under what
condition, or why.
Example:
 I’ll do the laundry when I’m out of clothes.
 We called because we were worried about you.
Subordinate Clause

NOUN CLAUSES
A noun clause is a subordinate clause that acts as a noun in a sentence.
Example:
 The boy wondered if his parents bought him what he wanted for Christmas.
 The dentist treated whichever patient arrived first.
FINITE VS NON FINITE
FINITE
Indicate person, number and tense
Have a definite relation with the subject and can
be changed according to tense
NON FINITE
Does not indicate person, number andtense
Do not change but remain constant with the
change in tense or number or person

Types: Types:
Present Tense Present Participle
Past Tense Past Participle
Infinitive
Gerund

Example: Example:
I spoke to Joan last night. I have spoken to Joan about it.
He plays football every evening Playing football is what he does every
morning