CEA 323

STRUCTURAL
THEORY
Instructor:
ENGR. MA. JESSA P. DOLLADO, RMP.
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
• STRUCTURES
- Refers to a system of connected parts used to support a load.

Structures to be analyzed:
1. Beam and pin-connected structures
2. Trusses
3. Cables
4. Arches
UNDERSTANDING EQUILIBRIUM OF
FORCE SYSTEMS
• What is Equilibrium?
- a state of balance between opposing forces or actions.
UNDERSTANDING EQUILIBRIUM OF
FORCE SYSTEMS
• Why do we assume that the body is in equilibrium when analyzing structures?
- It allows engineers/architects to analyze structures or systems under balanced conditions,
where all forces and torques/moments acting on the object cancel each other out. This simplifies the
analysis, making it easier to determine unknown forces, moments, or reactions.
EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
TYPES OF SUPPORTS IN STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
The importance of knowing the different types of support when analyzing structures lies in understanding how they influence
the behavior and stability of the structure. Different types of supports provide varying degrees of restraint to the structure's
movement and reaction to external loads. By recognizing these differences, engineers/architects can accurately predict how
forces will be distributed throughout the structure and ensure its safety and stability. Additionally, knowledge of support types
helps in selecting appropriate structural configurations and materials to meet design requirements efficiently.
ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
Analyzing beams involves several steps to determine their behavior under different loads and constraints. Here are the typical
steps in the analysis of beams with example:

1. Identify the Support Conditions: Determine the types of supports at each end of the beam. Common support types include
fixed supports, pinned supports, roller supports, and free (unsupported) ends.

At point A:
Pinned support: 2 reactions At point B:
- 1 vertical reaction Roller support: 1 reaction
- 1 horizontal reaction - 1 vertical reaction
ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
2. Draw Free-Body Diagram (FBD): Isolate the beam from its surroundings and draw a simplified diagram showing all the
external forces acting on it. This includes applied loads (such as point loads, distributed loads, or moments) and reactions at the
supports. Make sure to properly label the forces and their directions.

𝑨𝑯

𝑨𝒗 𝑩𝒗
ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
3. Determine Reactions: Calculate the reactions at the supports using equilibrium equations (sum of forces and sum of
moments equal to zero). Consider both the vertical and horizontal components of the reactions, as well as any moments.

Choose Equilibrium Equation that has only one unknown reaction and solve it.

𝑨𝑯 In this Case, we have:

, (+)

𝑨𝒗 𝑩𝒗 And

), (+)

&)
)
&)
(Note: in beam analysis, we usually take moments at the
supports)
ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
3. Determine Reactions: Calculate the reactions at the supports using equilibrium equations (sum of forces and sum of moments
equal to zero). Consider both the vertical and horizontal components of the reactions, as well as any moments.

Solve for the remaining unknown reaction

𝑨 𝑯 =𝟎
, (+)

𝑨𝒗 𝑩𝒗 =𝟐𝟗𝟖𝟎 .𝟑𝟏 𝑵
(+)
,

(Note: in beam analysis, we usually take moments at the

supports)
ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
4. Determine Internal Forces: Analyze the internal forces (shear force and bending moment) using method of area and
relationships between load, shear force, and bending moment. You may need to consider the effects of distributed loads,
concentrated loads, and support reactions.

Solution for the moment diagram:

At point A & B; Moment = 0

𝑨 𝑯 =𝟎 At point 1: At point 3:
bh

𝑨𝒗 =𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟏.𝟔𝟗 𝑵 𝑩𝒗 =𝟐𝟗𝟖𝟎 .𝟑𝟏 𝑵 At point 2: At point 4:

𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟏 .𝟔𝟗 𝑵 -
=
Shear Diagram 𝒙 =𝟎 . 𝟐𝟔
𝟎
)

At point B:
−1922𝑁+1761.69𝑁=−𝟏𝟔𝟎.𝟑𝟏𝑵
𝟐 −160.31𝑁−2820𝑁=−𝟐𝟗𝟖𝟎.𝟑𝟏𝑵
𝟑
𝟏 𝟒
Moment
Diagram 𝟎
ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Analyzing a truss involves several steps to determine their behavior under different loads and constraints. Here are the typical
steps in the analysis of truss with example:

Methods of Joints:

1. Draw the Free Body Diagram (FBD): Begin by drawing a free body diagram of the entire truss structure, including all
external loads acting on the truss and reactions at the supports. This diagram provides a clear visualization of the forces acting
on the truss.

𝑨𝑯
At point A:
Pinned support: 2 reactions 𝑨𝒗 𝑫𝒗
- 1 vertical reaction
- 1 horizontal reaction At point D:
Roller support: 1 reaction
- 1 vertical reaction
ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Analyzing a truss involves several steps to determine their behavior under different loads and constraints. Here are the typical
steps in the analysis of truss with example:

Methods of Joints:

1. Determine Reactions: Calculate the reactions at the supports using equilibrium equations (sum of forces and sum of
moments equal to zero). Consider both the vertical and horizontal components of the reactions, as well as any moments.

&)
)
&)
(Note: in truss analysis, we usually take moments at the supports when solving for reaction
forces)
𝑨𝑯
Choose Equilibrium Equation that has only one unknown reaction and solve it.
𝑨𝒗 𝑫𝒗 In this Case, we have:

, (+)
ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Analyzing a truss involves several steps to determine their behavior under different loads and constraints. Here are the typical
steps in the analysis of truss with example:

Methods of Joints:

2. Determine Reactions: Calculate the reactions at the supports using equilibrium equations (sum of forces and sum of moments
equal to zero). Consider both the vertical and horizontal components of the reactions, as well as any moments.

), (+ clockwise) Solve for the unknown angles:

Θ and α
α
α α
𝟗′
Solve for the remaining unknown reaction θ
𝑨 𝑯 =𝟎 θ
, (+ upward) 𝟏𝟐′

𝑨𝒗 𝑫 𝒗 =𝟏𝟕.𝟓𝒌

α = 180˚ - 36.87˚ - 90˚

α = 53.13˚
,
&)
&)
 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Analyzing a truss involves several steps to determine their behavior under different loads and constraints. Here are the typical
steps in the analysis of truss with example:

Methods of Joints:

2. Isolate a Joint: Select a joint where only two members meet. This simplifies the analysis at each joint, as only two unknown
member forces will be present.

3. Apply Equilibrium: Apply the equations of equilibrium (sum of forces in the x-direction and sum of forces in the y-direction)
to the selected joint. Use the known external loads and reactions at supports to determine the unknown member forces.
@ joint A:

𝑨𝒗 =𝟏𝟐.𝟓 𝒌 AB Choose Equilibrium Equation that has only one unknown reaction and
θ=36.87
AF
° solve it.
A
𝑨 𝑯 =𝟎 ), (+ upward)
AB
AB = - 20.87 (C)
𝟏𝟐 . 𝟓 𝒌= 𝑨 𝒗 𝑫 𝒗 =𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝒌
𝑨 𝑯 =𝟎 A
AF

-20.83cos(36.87) + AF = 0
𝑨𝒗 =𝟏𝟐.𝟓 𝒌 AF = 16.66 (T)
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
• STRUCTURES
- Refers to a system of connected parts used to support a load.

Structures to be analyzed:
1. Beam and pin-connected structures
2. Trusses
3. Cables
4. Arches
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• Second bullet point here Class 1 82 95
• Third bullet point here Class 2 76 88
Class 3 84 90
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• Task 1 • Second bullet point here
• Task 2 • Third bullet point here
Group B
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Group C
• Task 1
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Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

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