Aviation Law 2

Aviation Law-II
Annex 1 Annex 6
to the Convention on to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation International Civil Aviation
Personnel Licensing Operation of Aircraft
Annex 1
to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation
Personnel Licensing
Historical Background
Standards and Recommended Practices for Personnel
Licensing were first adopted by the Council on 14 April
1948 pursuant to the provisions of Article 37 of the
Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago
1944) and designated as Annex-1 to the Convention.
They became effective on 15 September 1948
Introduction of Term “License”
The expression “License” used throughout Annex-1 has the same meaning as the
expressions “certificate of competency and License”, “License or certificate” and
“License” used in the Convention. Similarly the expression “flight crew member”
has the same meaning as the expressions “member of the operating crew of an
aircraft” and “operating personnel” used in the Convention while the expression
“personnel other than flight crew members” includes the expression “mechanical
personnel” used in the Convention.
Definitions
Definitions
Approved Training
Training conducted under special curricula and supervision approved by a

Contracting State that, in the case of flight crew members, is conducted within an
approved training organization.
Definitions
Approved Training Organization
An organization approved by a Contracting State in accordance with the
requirements of Annex 1, 1.2.8.2 and Appendix 2 to perform flight crew training
and operating under the supervision of that State.
Doc 9841
Definitions
Competency
A combination of skills ,knowledge and attitudes required to perform a task to the

prescribed standards.
Definitions
Human Performance
Human capabilities and limitations which have an impact on the safety and
efficiency of aeronautical operations.

Definitions
Licensing Authority
The Authority designated by a Contracting State as responsible for the
Licensing of personnel.
Note.— In the provisions of this Annex, the Licensing Authority is deemed

to have been given the following responsibilities by the Contracting State:
• Assessment of an applicant’s qualifications to hold a License or rating

• Issue and endorsement of Licenses and ratings
• Designation and authorization of approved persons
Definitions
• Approval of training courses
• Approval of the use of flight simulation training devices and authorization for
their use in gaining the experience or in demonstrating the skill required for the
issue of a License or rating; and
• Validation of Licenses issued by other Contracting States
Definitions
Aircraft Avionics
A term designating any electronic device , including its electrical part , for use in an
aircraft, including radio, automatic flight control and instrument systems.
Definitions
Aircraft Certificated for Single-Pilot Operation
A type of aircraft which the State of Registry has determined, during the
certification process, can be operated safely with a minimum crew of one pilot
Definitions
Approved Maintenance Organization
An organization approved by a Contracting State, in accordance with the
requirements of Annex 6, Part I, Chapter 8 — Aeroplane Maintenance, to perform
maintenance of aircraft or parts thereof and operating under supervision approved
by that State.
Definitions
Commercial Air Transport Operation
An aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers, cargo or mail for
remuneration or hire.
Definitions
Flight Simulation Training Device
A Flight Simulator, which provides an accurate

representation of the flight deck of a particular
aircraft type to the extent that the mechanical,
electrical, electronic, etc. aircraft systems control
functions, the normal environment of flight crew
members, and the performance and flight
characteristics of that type of aircraft are
realistically simulated;
Definitions
A Flight Procedures Trainer, which provides a

realistic flight deck environment, and which
simulates instrument responses, simple control
functions of mechanical, electrical, electronic, etc.
Definitions
A Basic Instrument Flight Trainer, which is

equipped with appropriate instruments, and which
simulates the flight deck environment of an aircraft
in flight in instrument flight conditions.
Definitions
Instrument Flight Time
Time during which a pilot is piloting an aircraft solely by reference to instruments

and without external reference points.
Definitions
Instrument Ground Time
Time during which a pilot is practicing,

on the ground, simulated instrument
flight in a flight simulation training
device approved by the Licensing
Authority.
Definitions
Medical Assessment
The evidence issued by a Contracting State that the

License holder meets specific requirements of
medical fitness.
Definitions
Rated Air Traffic Controller
An air traffic controller holding a License

and valid ratings appropriate to the
privileges to be exercised.
Definitions
Rating
An authorization entered on or associated with a License and forming part
thereof, stating special conditions , privileges or limitations pertaining to such
License.
Definitions
Rendering (a License) Valid
The action taken by a Contracting State, as an alternative to issuing its own

License, in accepting a License issued by any other Contracting State as the
equivalent of its own License.
Quiz-1
Chapter-1
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
1.2 General Rules Concerning Licenses
International Standards and Recommended Practices are established for
Licensing the following personnel:
a) Flight crew
 Private pilot — Aeroplane, Airship, Helicopter or Powered-lift

 Commercial pilot — Aeroplane, Airship, Helicopter or Powered-lift
 Multi-crew pilot — Aeroplane
 Airline transport pilot — Aeroplane, Helicopter or Powered-lift
 Glider pilot
 Free balloon pilot
 Flight navigator
 Flight engineer
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
1.2 General rules concerning Licenses
b) Other personnel
 Aircraft maintenance (Technician/Engineer/Mechanic)

 Air traffic controller
 Flight operations officer/Flight dispatcher
 Aeronautical station operator
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
Flight Crew Member
A flight crew member is someone who forms a vital part of either a civilian
crew, or an air-borne army combat team. Air crew members employed in
civilian roles may work
 In the cockpit: As a pilot or flight engineer.
 In the cabin: Flight crew members can work as loadmasters, pursers, or

flight attendants
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
1.2.1 Authority to act as a flight crew member
A person shall not act as a flight crew member of an aircraft unless a valid License
is held showing compliance with the specifications of this Annex and appropriate
to the duties to be performed by that person. The License shall have been issued
by the State of Registry of that aircraft or by any other Contracting State and
rendered valid by the State of Registry of that aircraft.
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
1.2.2 Method of rendering a License valid
1.2.2.1 When a Contracting State renders valid a License issued by another

Contracting State, as an alternative to the issuance of its own License, it shall
establish validity by suitable authorization to be carried with the former License
accepting it as the equivalent of the latter.
 When a State limits the authorization to specific privileges, the authorization

shall specify the privileges of the License which are to be accepted as its
equivalent.
 The validity of the authorization shall not extend beyond the period of validity
of the License.
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
1.2.3 Privileges of the holder of a License
 A Contracting State shall not permit the holder of a License to exercise

privileges other than those granted by that License.
NOTE.
Generally License Validity ---- For 5 Years

Rating Validity ------ For 1 Year
For Currency of Rating – At least 03 Watches in last 06 Months
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
1.2.4 Medical fitness
1.2.4.1 An applicant for a License shall, when applicable, hold a Medical

Assessment issued in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 6.
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
1.2.4.3 The period of validity of a Medical Assessment shall begin on the day
the medical examination is performed. The duration of the period of validity
shall be in accordance with the provisions of 1.2.5.2.
1.2.4.3.1 The period of validity of a Medical Assessment may be extended, at

the discretion of the Licensing Authority, up to 45 days.
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
1.2.4.5 Contracting States shall designate medical examiners, qualified and
Licenced in the practice of medicine, to conduct medical examinations of fitness
of applicants for the issue or renewal of the Licenses or ratings specified in
Chapters 2 and 3
1.2.4.5.1 Medical examiners shall have received training in aviation medicine

and shall receive refresher training at regular intervals. Before designation,
medical examiners shall demonstrate adequate competency in aviation
medicine.
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
1.2.4.6.1 Any false declaration to a medical examiner made by an applicant for

a License or rating shall be reported to the Licensing Authority of the issuing
State for such action as may be considered appropriate.
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
Validity of Medical Assessment
1.2.5.2 Medical Assessment issued shall be valid from the date of the medical
examination for a period not greater than:
 60 months for the private pilot License

 12 months for the commercial pilot License
 12 months for the multi-crew pilot License
 12 months for the airline transport pilot License
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
 60 months for the glider pilot License;
 60 months for the free balloon pilot License;
 12 months for the flight navigator License;
 12 months for the flight engineer License;
 48 months for the air traffic controller License.

Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
1.2.5.2.1 The period of validity of a Medical Assessment may be reduced when

clinically indicated
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
1.2.6 Decrease in medical fitness
1.2.6.1 Holders of Licenses provided for in this

Annex shall not exercise the privileges of their
Licenses and related ratings at any time when they
are aware of any decrease in their medical fitness
which might render them unable to safely and
properly exercise these privileges.
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
1.2.7 Use of psychoactive substances
1.2.7.1 Holders of Licenses provided for in this Annex

shall not exercise the privileges of their Licenses and
related ratings while under the influence of any
psychoactive substance which might render them
unable to safely and properly exercise these privileges.
1.2.7.2 Holders of Licenses provided for in this Annex

shall not engage in any problematic use of substances.
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
1.2.9 Language proficiency
1.2.9.1 Aeroplane, airship, helicopter and powered-

lift pilots, air traffic controllers and aeronautical
station operators shall demonstrate the ability to
speak and understand the language used for
radiotelephony communications to the level specified
in the language proficiency requirements in
Appendix 1.
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
1.2.9.5 The language proficiency of aeroplane, airship, helicopter and

powered-lift pilots, air traffic controllers and aeronautical station operators who
demonstrate proficiency below the Expert Level (Level 6) shall be formally
evaluated at intervals in accordance with an individual’s demonstrated
proficiency level.
Annex-1 (Chapter 1)
 Those demonstrating language proficiency at the Operational Level (Level 4)

should be evaluated at least once every three years; and
 Those demonstrating language proficiency at the Extended Level (Level 5)

should be evaluated at least once every six years.
Chapter-2
Annex-1 (Chapter 2)
“Licenses AND RATINGS FOR PILOTS”
NOT INCLUDED IN COURSE

Chapter-3
Annex-1 (Chapter 3)
Licenses FOR FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS OTHER THAN

Licenses FOR PILOTS
NOT INCLUDED IN OUR COURSE

Quiz-2
Chapter-4
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
Licenses AND RATINGS FOR PERSONNEL OTHER

THAN FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.1 General rules concerning Licenses and ratings
4.1.1 An applicant shall, before being issued with any License or rating for
personnel other than flight crew members, meet such requirements in respect of
age, knowledge, experience and where appropriate, medical fitness and skill, as
are specified for that License or rating.
4.1.2 An applicant, for any License or rating for personnel other than flight
crew members, shall demonstrate, in a manner determined by the Licensing
Authority, such requirements in respect of knowledge and skill as are specified
for that License or rating.
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.3 Student air traffic controller
4.3.1 Contracting States shall take the appropriate measures to ensure that
student air traffic controllers do not constitute a hazard to air navigation.
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.3 Student air traffic controller
A Contracting State shall not permit a student air traffic controller to receive
instruction in an operational environment unless that student air traffic controller
holds a current Class 3 Medical Assessment.
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.4 Air traffic controller License
4.4.1 Requirements for the issue of the License
4.4.1.1 Age
The applicant shall be not less than 21 years of age.
4.4.1.2 Knowledge
The applicant shall have demonstrated a level of knowledge appropriate to the

holder of an air traffic controller License, in at least the following subjects:
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.4.1.2 Knowledge
Air law
a) Rules and regulations relevant to the air traffic controller;
Air traffic control equipment
b) Principles, use and limitations of equipment used in air traffic control;

Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.4.1.2 Knowledge
General knowledge
c) Principles of flight; principles of operation and functioning of aircraft,

engines and systems; aircraft performance relevant to air traffic control
operations;
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.4.1.2 Knowledge
Human performance
d) Human performance including principles of threat and error

management;
Note.— Guidance material to design training programmes on

human performance, including threat and error management, can
be found in the Human Factors Training Manual (Doc 9683).
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.4.1.2 Knowledge
Meteorology
e) Aeronautical meteorology; use and appreciation of meteorological

documentation and information; origin and characteristics of weather
phenomena affecting flight operations and safety; altimetry;
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.4.1.2 Knowledge
Navigation
f) Principles of air navigation; principle, limitation and accuracy of

navigation systems and visual aids; and
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.4.1.2 Knowledge
Operational procedures
g) Air traffic control, communication, radiotelephony and phraseology

procedures (routine, non-routine and emergency); use of the relevant
aeronautical documentation; safety practices associated with flight.
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.4.1.3 Experience
The applicant shall have completed an approved training course and not less than
three months of satisfactory service engaged in the actual control of air traffic
under the supervision of an appropriately rated air traffic controller. The
experience requirements specified for air traffic controller ratings in 4.5 may be
credited as part of the experience specified in this paragraph.
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.4.1.4 Medical fitness
The applicant shall hold a current Class 3 Medical Assessment.

OHT-1
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.5 Air traffic controller ratings
4.5.1 Categories of air traffic controller ratings
Air traffic controller ratings shall comprise the following categories:
a) Aerodrome control rating;
b) Approach control procedural rating;
c) Approach control surveillance rating;
d) Approach precision radar control rating;

Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.5.1 Categories of air traffic controller ratings
Air traffic controller ratings shall comprise the following categories:
e) Area control procedural rating; and
f) Area control surveillance rating.

Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.5.2 Requirements for air traffic controller ratings
4.5.2.1 Knowledge
The applicant shall have demonstrated a

level of knowledge appropriate to the
privileges granted, in at least the following
subjects in so far as they affect the area of
responsibility:
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.5.2.1 Knowledge
a) Aerodrome control rating:
1) Aerodrome layout; physical characteristics and visual aids;

2) Airspace structure;
3) Applicable rules, procedures and source of information;
4) Air Navigation facilities;
5) Air traffic control equipment and its use;
6) Terrain and prominent landmarks;
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.5.2.1 Knowledge
a) Aerodrome control rating:
7) Characteristics of air traffic;

8) Weather phenomena; and
9) Emergency and search and rescue plans;
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.5.2.1 Knowledge
b) Approach control procedural and area control procedural ratings:

1) Airspace structure;
2) Applicable rules, procedures and source of information;
3) Air Navigation facilities;
4) Air traffic control equipment and its use;
5) Terrain and prominent landmarks;
6) Characteristics of air traffic and traffic flow;
7) Weather phenomena; and
8) Emergency and search and rescue plans; and
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.5.2.1 Knowledge
c) Approach control surveillance, approach precision radar control and area

control surveillance ratings:
The applicant shall meet the requirements specified in b) in so far as

they affect the area of responsibility, and shall have demonstrated a level
of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted, in at least the following
additional subjects:
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.5.2.1 Knowledge
c) Approach control surveillance, approach precision radar control and area
control surveillance ratings:
1) Principles, use and limitations of applicable ATS surveillance

systems and associated equipment; and
2) Procedures for the provision of ATS surveillance service, as

appropriate, including procedures to ensure appropriate terrain
clearance.
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.5.2.2 Experience
4.5.2.2.1 The applicant shall have:
a) Satisfactorily completed an approved training course;
b) Provided, satisfactorily, under the supervision of an appropriately rated

air traffic controller:
1) Aerodrome control rating: an aerodrome control service, for a

period of not less than 90 hours or one month, whichever is
greater, at the unit for which the rating is sought;
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.5.2.2 Experience
2) Approach control procedural, approach control surveillance, area

control procedural or area control surveillance rating: the control
service for which the rating is sought, for a period of not less than
180 hours or three months, whichever is greater, at the unit for
which the rating is sought; and
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.5.2.2 Experience
3) Approach precision radar control rating: not less than 200

precision approaches of which not more than 100 shall have been
carried out on a radar simulator approved for that purpose by the
Licensing Authority. Not less than 50 of those precision approaches
shall have been carried out at the unit and on the equipment for
which the rating is sought
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.5.2.3 Skill
The applicant shall have demonstrated, at a

level appropriate to the privileges being
granted, the skill, judgement and performance
required to provide a safe, orderly and
expeditious control service, including the
recognition and management of threats and
errors.
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
4.5.2.4 Concurrent issuance of two air traffic controller ratings
When two air traffic controller ratings are sought concurrently, the Licensing
Authority shall determine the applicable requirements on the basis of the
requirements for each rating. These requirements shall not be less than those of
the more demanding rating.
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
(Privileges)
4.5.3 Privileges of the holder of the air traffic controller rating(s) and the conditions
to be observed in exercising such privileges
4.5.3.1 Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in 1.2.5

(Validity of Licenses), 1.2.6 (Decrease in medical fitness), 1.2.7.1 (Psychoactive
substance) and 1.2.9 (Language Proficiency), the privileges of the holder of an air
traffic controller License endorsed with one or more of the under mentioned ratings
shall be:
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
(Privileges)
 Aerodrome control rating:
To provide or to supervise the provision of

aerodrome control service for the aerodrome for which the
License holder is rated;
 Approach control procedural rating:
To provide or to supervise the provision of approach

control service for the aerodrome or aerodromes for which
the License holder is rated, within the airspace or portion
thereof, under the jurisdiction of the unit providing
approach control service;
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
(Privileges)
 Approach control surveillance rating:
To provide and/or supervise the provision of

approach control service with the use of applicable
ATS surveillance systems for the aerodrome or
aerodromes for which the License holder is rated,
within the airspace or portion thereof, under the
jurisdiction of the unit providing approach control
service;
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
(Privileges)
 Approach precision radar control rating:
To provide and/or supervise the

provision of precision approach radar service
at the aerodrome for which the License
holder is rated;
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
(Privileges)
 Area control procedural rating:

provision of area control service within the
control area or portion thereof, for which the
License holder is rated; and
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
(Privileges)
 Area control surveillance rating:

provision of area control service with the use
of an ATS surveillance system, within the
control area or portion thereof, for which the
License holder is rated.
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
(Privileges)
4.5.3.2 Before exercising the privileges indicated in 4.5.3.1, the License holder
shall be familiar with all pertinent and current information.
4.5.3.3 A Contracting State having issued an air traffic controller License shall
not permit the holder thereof to carry out instruction in an operational
environment unless such holder has received proper authorization from such
Contracting State.
Annex-1 (Chapter 4)
(Privileges)
4.5.3.4 Validity of ratings
A rating shall become invalid when an air traffic controller has ceased to
exercise the privileges of the rating for a period determined by the Licensing
Authority. That period shall not exceed six months. A rating shall remain invalid
until the controller’s ability to exercise the privileges of the rating has been re-
established.
Chapter-5
Quiz-3
Annex-1 (Chapter 5)
SPECIFICATIONS FOR PERSONNEL Licenses

Annex-1 (Chapter 5)
5.1.1 Detail
5.1.1.1 A Contracting State having issued a

License shall ensure that other States are
able to easily determine the License
privileges and validity of ratings.
Annex-1 (Chapter 5)
5.1.1 Detail
5.1.1.2 The following details shall appear on the License:
I) Name of State (in bold type);
II) Title of License (in very bold type);
III) Serial number of the License, in Arabic numerals;
IV) Name of holder in full;
V) Date of birth;
VI) Address of holder if desired by the State;

Annex-1 (Chapter 5)
5.1.1 Detail
VII) Nationality of holder;
VIII) Signature of holder;
IX) Authority and, where necessary, conditions under which the License is issued;
X) Certification concerning validity and authorization for holder to exercise

privileges appropriate to License;
XI) Signature of officer issuing the License and the date of such issue;
Annex-1 (Chapter 5)
5.1.1 Detail
XII) Seal or stamp of authority issuing the License;
XIII) Ratings, e.g. category, class, type of aircraft, airframe, aerodrome control,
etc.;
XIV) Remarks, i.e. special endorsements relating to limitations and endorsements

for privileges, including an endorsement of language proficiency, and other
information required in pursuance to Article 39 of the Chicago Convention; and
XV) Any other details desired by the State issuing the License.
Annex-1 (Chapter 5)
5.1.2 Material
First quality paper or other suitable material, including plastic cards, shall be used
and the items mentioned in 5.1.1.2 shown clearly thereon.
Annex-1 (Chapter 5)
5.1.3 Language
When Licenses are issued in a language other than English, the License shall
include an English translation of at least items I), II), VI), IX), XII), XIII) and XIV).
ICAO Approved Languages

• English
• Arabic
• Russian
• Chinese
• French
Chapter-6
Annex-1 (Chapter 6)
MEDICAL PROVISIONS FOR Licensing

Annex-1 (Chapter 6)
6.1 Medical Assessments — General
6.1.1 Classes of Medical Assessment
Three classes of Medical Assessment shall be established as follows:
a) Class 1 Medical Assessment;
Applies to applicants for, and holders of:
• Commercial pilot Licenses: (aeroplane, airship, helicopter and powered-lift)

• Multi-crew pilot Licenses: (aeroplane)
• Airline transport pilot Licenses: (aeroplane, helicopter and powered-lift)
Annex-1 (Chapter 6)
b) Class 2 Medical Assessment;
• Flight navigator Licenses

• Flight engineer Licenses
• Private pilot Licenses: (aeroplane, airship, helicopter and powered-lift)
• Glider pilot Licenses
• Free balloon pilot Licenses
Annex-1 (Chapter 6)
c) Class 3 Medical Assessment;
• Air traffic controller Licenses

Appendix-1
Annex-1 (APPENDIX 1)
REQUIREMENTS FOR PROFICIENCY IN LANGUAGES USED FOR

RADIOTELEPHONY COMMUNICATIONS
General
Note.— The ICAO language proficiency requirements include the holistic

descriptors and the ICAO Operational Level (Level 4) of the ICAO Language
Proficiency Rating. The language proficiency requirements are applicable to the
use of both phraseologies and plain language.
 To meet the language proficiency requirements contained in Chapter 1, Section

1.2.9, an applicant for a License or a License holder shall demonstrate, in a manner
acceptable to the Licensing Authority.
Holistic Descriptors
Proficient speakers shall:
a) Communicate effectively in voice-only (telephone/radiotelephone) and

in face-to-face situations;
b) Communicate on common, concrete and work-related topics with

accuracy and clarity;
c) Use appropriate communicative strategies to exchange messages and to

recognize and resolve misunderstandings (e.g. to check, confirm, or clarify
information) in a general or work-related context;
Holistic Descriptors
Proficient speakers shall:
d) Handle successfully and with relative ease the linguistic challenges

presented by a complication or unexpected turn of events that occurs
within the context of a routine work situation or communicative task
with which they are otherwise familiar; and
e) Use accent which is understandable to the aeronautical community.

Quiz-4
Appendix-2
APPROVED TRAINING ORGANIZATION

Issue of approval
1.1 The issuance of an approval for a training organization and the continued
validity of the approval shall depend upon the training organization being in
compliance with the requirements of this Appendix.
1.2 The approval document shall contain at least the following:
a) Organization’s name and location;
b) Date of issue and period of validity (where appropriate);
c) Terms of approval.
Training and procedures manual
2.1 The training organization shall provide a training and procedures manual for
the use and guidance of personnel concerned. This manual may be issued in
separate parts and shall contain at least the following information:
a) A general description of the scope of training authorized under the

organization’s terms of approval;
b) The content of the training programmes offered including the courseware

and equipment to be used;
c) A description of the organization’s quality assurance system .
d) A description of the organization’s facilities;

e) The name, duties and qualification of the person designated as responsible

for compliance with the requirements;
f) A description of the duties and qualification of the personnel designated as

responsible for planning, performing and supervising the training ;
g) A description of the procedures used to establish and maintain the

competence of instructional personnel;
h) A description of the method used for the completion and retention of the
training records ;
i) When a State has authorized an approved training organization to conduct

the testing required for the issuance of a License or rating , a description of
the selection, role and duties of the authorized personnel, as well as the
applicable requirements established by the Licensing Authority
Quality Assurance System
The training organization shall establish a quality assurance system, acceptable to

the Licensing Authority granting the approval, which ensures that training and
instructional practices comply with all relevant requirements.
Facilities
5.1 The facilities and working environment shall be appropriate for the task to be
performed and be acceptable to the Licensing Authority.
5.2 The training organization shall have, or have access to, the necessary
information, equipment, training devices and material to conduct the courses for
which it is approved.
5.3 Synthetic training devices shall be qualified according to requirements

established by the State and their use shall be approved by the Licensing Authority
to ensure that they are appropriate to the task.
Personnel
6.1 The training organization shall nominate a person responsible for ensuring
that it is in compliance with the requirements for an approved organization.
6.2 The organization shall employ the necessary personnel to plan, perform and
supervise the training to be conducted.
6.3 The competence of instructional personnel shall be in accordance with

procedures and to a level acceptable to the Licensing Authority.
6.4 The training organization shall ensure that all instructional personnel receive
initial and continuation training appropriate to their assigned tasks and
responsibilities.
Evaluation and checking
When a State has authorized an approved training organization to conduct the
testing required for the issuance of a License or rating, the testing shall be
conducted by personnel authorized by the Licensing Authority or designated by the
training organization in accordance with criteria approved by the Licensing
Authority.
Annex 6
to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation
Aircraft Operations
Definitions
AERODROME OPERATING MINIMA
 The limits of usability of an aerodrome for:
a) Take-off, expressed in terms of runway visual range and/or visibility and, if

necessary, cloud conditions;
b) Landing in 2D instrument approach operations, expressed in terms of

visibility and/or runway visual range, minimum descent altitude/height
(MDA/H) and, if necessary, cloud conditions; and
c) Landing in 3D instrument approach operations, expressed in terms of

visibility and/or runway visual range and decision altitude/height (DA/H) as
appropriate to the type and/or category of the operation.
Definitions
AIRCRAFT OPERATING MANUAL
 A manual, acceptable to the State of the Operator,

containing normal, abnormal and emergency
procedures, checklists, limitations, performance
information, details of the aircraft systems and other
material relevant to the operation of the aircraft.
Definitions
AIRCRAFT TRACKING
 A process, established by the operator, that

maintains and updates, at standardized
intervals, a ground based record of the four
dimensional position (X,Y,Z and Time) of
individual aircraft in flight.
Definitions
AIRWORTHY
 The status of an aircraft, engine, propeller or part when it conforms to its
approved design and is in a condition for safe operation.
Definitions
ALTERNATE AERODROME
 An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes either

impossible or inadvisable to proceed to or to land at the aerodrome of
intended landing where the necessary services and facilities are available,
where aircraft performance requirements can be met and which is operational
at the expected time of use.
Definitions
ALTERNATE AERODROME
Take-off alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to

land should this become necessary shortly after take-off and it is not possible to
use the aerodrome of departure.
En-route alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to

land in the event that a diversion becomes necessary while en route.
Destination alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able

to land should it become either impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome
of intended landing.
Definitions
DANGEROUS GOODS
 Articles or substances which are
capable of posing a risk to health,
safety, property or the
environment and which are
shown in the list of dangerous
goods in the Technical Instructions
or which are classified according
to those Instructions.
Definitions
MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE / MINIMUM DESCENT HEIGHT
A specified altitude or height in a 2D instrument approach operation or circling

approach operation below which descent must not be made without the required
visual reference.
Definitions
DECISION ALTITUDE (DA) / DECISION HEIGHT (DH)
 A specified altitude or height in a 3D instrument approach operation at

which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to
continue the approach has not been established.
Definitions
EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER (ELT)
 A generic term describing equipment which broadcast distinctive signals on

designated frequencies and, depending on application, may be automatically
activated by impact or be manually activated. An ELT may be any of the
following:
 Automatic fixed ELT (ELT(AF)). An automatically activated ELT which is

permanently attached to an aircraft.
 Automatic portable ELT (ELT(AP)). An automatically activated ELT which is

rigidly attached to an aircraft but readily removable from the aircraft.
Definitions
EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER (ELT)
 Automatic deployable ELT (ELT(AD)). An ELT which is rigidly attached to an

aircraft and which is automatically deployed and activated by impact, and, in
some cases, also by hydrostatic sensors. Manual deployment is also provided.
 Survival ELT (ELT(S)). An ELT which is removable from an aircraft, stowed so as

to facilitate its ready use in an emergency, and manually activated by survivors.
Definitions
FLIGHT RECORDER
 Any type of recorder installed in the aircraft for the purpose of
complementing accident/incident investigation.
Definitions
INSTRUMENT APPROACH OPERATIONS
 An approach and landing using instruments for navigation guidance based on

an instrument approach procedure. There are two methods for executing
instrument approach operations:
a) A two-dimensional (2D) instrument approach operation, using lateral

navigation guidance only; and
b) A three-dimensional (3D) instrument approach operation, using both

lateral and vertical navigation guidance.
Definitions
Instrument approach procedure (IAP)
A series of predetermined manoeuvres by reference to flight instruments with

specified protection from obstacles from the initial approach fix, or where
applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route to a point from which a
landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a
position at which holding or en-route obstacle clearance criteria apply.
Definitions
Instrument approach procedure (IAP)
Definitions
Maximum mass
Maximum certificated take-off mass.
Definitions
OPERATOR
 The person, organization or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an

aircraft operation
PILOT-IN-COMMAND
 The pilot designated by the operator, or in the case of general aviation, the
owner, as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of a flight.
OHT-2
CHAPTER 3
GENERAL
CHAPTER 3: GENERAL
3.1 COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS, REGULATIONS AND PROCEDURES
3.1.1 The operator shall ensure that all employees when abroad know that they
must comply with the laws, regulations and procedures of those States in which
operations are conducted.
3.1.2 The operator shall ensure that all pilots are familiar with the laws,
regulations and procedures, pertinent to the performance of their duties,
prescribed for the areas to be traversed, the aerodromes to be used and the air
navigation facilities relating thereto. The operator shall ensure that other
members of the flight crew are familiar with such of these laws, regulations and
procedures as are pertinent to the performance of their respective duties in the
operation of the aeroplane.
CHAPTER 3: GENERAL
3.1.3 The operator or a designated representative shall have responsibility for
operational control.
3.1.4 Responsibility for operational control shall be delegated only to the pilot-in-
command and to a flight operations officer/flight dispatcher if the operator’s
approved method of control and supervision of flight operations requires the use
of flight operations officer/flight dispatcher personnel.
CHAPTER 3: GENERAL
3.1.6 If an emergency situation which endangers the safety of the aeroplane or

persons necessitates the taking of action which involves a violation of local
regulations or procedures, the pilot-in-command shall notify the appropriate
local authority without delay.
 If required by the State in which the incident occurs, the pilot-in-command

shall submit a report on any such violation to the appropriate authority of
such State; in that event, the pilot-in-command shall also submit a copy of it
to the State of the Operator. Such reports shall be submitted as soon as
possible and normally within 10 days
CHAPTER 3: GENERAL
3.1.7 Operators shall ensure that pilots-in-command has available on board, all
the essential information concerning the search and rescue services in the area
over which the aeroplane will be flown.
3.1.8 Operators shall ensure that flight crew members demonstrate the ability to
speak and understand the language used for radiotelephony communications as
specified in Annex 1.
CHAPTER 3: GENERAL
3.2 COMPLIANCE BY A FOREIGN OPERATOR WITH LAWS, REGULATIONS
AND PROCEDURES OF A STATE
3.2.1 When a State identifies a case of non-compliance or suspected

non-compliance by a foreign operator with laws, regulations and procedures
applicable within that State’s territory, or a similar serious safety issue with that
operator, that State shall immediately notify the operator and, if the issue
warrants it, the State of the Operator.
CHAPTER 3: GENERAL
3.5 AIRCRAFT TRACKING
(Applicable on and after 8 November 2018)
3.5.1 The operator shall establish an aircraft tracking capability to track aeroplanes
throughout its area of operations.
3.5.2 Recommendation.— The operator should track the position of an aeroplane
through automated reporting at least every 15 minutes for the portion(s) of the in-
flight operation(s) under the following conditions:
a) The aeroplane has a maximum certificated take-off mass of over

27000 kg and a seating capacity greater than 19; and
b) where an ATS unit obtains aeroplane position information at greater

than 15 minute intervals.
CHAPTER 3: GENERAL
3.5 AIRCRAFT TRACKING
(Applicable on and after 8 November 2018)
3.5.3 The operator shall track the position of an aeroplane through automated
reporting at least every 15 minutes for the portion(s) of the in-flight operation(s)
that is planned in an oceanic area(s) under the following conditions:
a) The aeroplane has a maximum certificated take-off mass of over

45,500 kg and a seating capacity greater than 19; and
b) Where an ATS unit obtains aeroplane position information at greater

than 15 minute intervals.
CHAPTER 4
FLIGHT OPERATIONS
CHAPTER 4: FLIGHT OPERATIONS
4.1 OPERATING FACILITIES
4.1.1 The operator shall ensure that a flight will not be commenced unless it has
been ascertained by every reasonable means available that the ground and/or
water facilities available and directly required on such flight, for the safe
operation of the aeroplane and the protection of the passengers, are adequate
for the type of operation under which the flight is to be conducted and are
adequately operated for this purpose.
4.1 OPERATING FACILITIES
4.1.3 Subject to their published
conditions of use, aerodromes and their
facilities shall be kept continuously
available for flight operations during
their published hours of operations,
irrespective of weather conditions.
4.2.4 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS — General
4.2.4.2 An aeroplane shall not be taxied on the movement area of an

aerodrome unless the person at the controls:
a) Has been duly authorized by the operator or a designated agent;
b) Is fully competent to taxi the aeroplane;
c) Is qualified to use the radiotelephone; and
d) Has received instruction from a competent person in respect of
aerodrome layout, routes, signs, marking, lights, air traffic control (ATC)
signals and instructions, phraseology and procedures, and is able to conform to
the operational standards required for safe aeroplane movement at the
aerodrome.
4.2.5 IN-FLIGHT SIMULATION OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
The operator shall ensure that when passengers or cargo are being carried, no
emergency or abnormal situations shall be simulated.
4.2.7 MINIMUM FLIGHT ALTITUDES
4.2.7.1 The operator shall be permitted to establish minimum flight altitudes for
those routes flown for which minimum flight altitudes have been established by
the State flown over or the responsible State, provided that they shall not be
less than those established by that State.
4.2.8 AERODROME OPERATING MINIMA
4.2.8.3 Instrument approach operations shall be classified based on the designed

lowest operating minima below which an approach operation shall only be
continued with the required visual reference as follows:
a) Type A: decision height at or above 75 m (250 ft); and
b) Type B: decision height below 75 m (250 ft).

 Type B instrument approach operations are categorized as:
1) Category I (CAT I): a decision height not lower than 60 m (200 ft)
and with either a visibility not less than 800m or a runway visual range
not less than 550 m;
2) Category II (CAT II): a decision height lower than 60 m (200 ft) but
not lower than 30 m (100 ft) and a runway visual range not less
than 300 m;
3) Category IIIA (CAT IIIA): a decision height lower than 30 m (100 ft)
or no decision height and a runway visual range not less than 175 m;
4) Category IIIB (CAT IIIB): a decision height lower than 15 m (50 ft) or
no decision height and a runway visual range less than 175 m but not
less than 50 m; and
5) Category IIIC (CAT IIIC): no decision height and no runway visual

range limitations.
4.2.9 THRESHOLD CROSSING HEIGHT FOR 3D INSTRUMENT APPROACH
OPERATIONS
The operator shall establish operational
procedures designed to ensure that an
aeroplane being used to conduct 3D
instrument approach operations
crosses the threshold by a safe margin,
with the aeroplane in the landing
configuration and attitude.
4.2.11 CREW
4.2.11.1 For each flight, the operator shall designate one pilot to act as pilot-in-
command.
4.2.11.2 For each flight of an aeroplane above 15 000 m (49 000 ft), the
operator shall maintain records so that the total cosmic radiation dose received
by each crew member over a period of 12 consecutive months can be
determined.
COSMIC RADIATION
 Cosmic radiation exposures on aircraft include:
 Galactic cosmic radiation, which is always

present
 Solar particle events, sometimes called “solar
flares”
The WHO International Agency for Research on

Cancer (IARC) says that Cosmic radiation causes
cancer in humans. Cosmic radiation is also known
to cause reproductive problems.
4.2.12 PASSENGERS
4.2.12.1 The operator shall ensure that passengers are made familiar with the
location and use of:
a) Seat belts;
b) Emergency exits;
c) Life jackets, if the carriage of life jackets is prescribed;
d) Oxygen dispensing equipment;
e) Other emergency equipment provided for individual use, including
passenger emergency briefing cards
4.3.8 REFUELING WITH PASSENGERS ON BOARD
4.3.8.1 An aeroplane shall not be refueled when passengers are embarking, on
board or disembarking unless it is properly attended by qualified personnel
ready to initiate and direct an evacuation of the aeroplane by the most practical
and expeditious means available.
4.3.8.2 When refueling with passengers embarking, on board or disembarking,

two-way communication shall be maintained by the aeroplane’s
inter-communication system or other suitable means between the ground crew
supervising the refueling and the qualified personnel on board the aeroplane.
4.4 IN-FLIGHT PROCEDURES
4.4.3 Hazardous flight conditions
Hazardous flight conditions encountered, other than those associated with

meteorological conditions, shall be reported to the appropriate aeronautical
station as soon as possible. The reports so rendered shall give such details as
may be pertinent to the safety of other aircraft.
Birds infected areas, Poor radio signals, Terrain etc

4.4 IN-FLIGHT PROCEDURES
4.4.8 Instrument Flight Procedures
4.4.8.1 One or more instrument approach procedures designed to support

instrument approach operations shall be approved and promulgated by the State
in which the aerodrome is located to serve each instrument runway or aerodrome
utilized for instrument flight operations.
4.4.8.2 All aeroplanes operated in accordance with instrument flight rules shall
comply with the instrument flight procedures approved by the State in which the
aerodrome is located.
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Aviation Law-II

Training conducted under special curricula and supervision approved by a

A combination of skills ,knowledge and attitudes required to perform a task to the

efficiency of aeronautical operations.

Note.— In the provisions of this Annex, the Licensing Authority is deemed

• Assessment of an applicant’s qualifications to hold a License or rating

A Flight Simulator, which provides an accurate

A Flight Procedures Trainer, which provides a

A Basic Instrument Flight Trainer, which is

Time during which a pilot is piloting an aircraft solely by reference to instruments

Time during which a pilot is practicing,

The evidence issued by a Contracting State that the

An air traffic controller holding a License

The action taken by a Contracting State, as an alternative to issuing its own

 Private pilot — Aeroplane, Airship, Helicopter or Powered-lift

 Aircraft maintenance (Technician/Engineer/Mechanic)

 In the cockpit: As a pilot or flight engineer.

 In the cabin: Flight crew members can work as loadmasters, pursers, or

1.2.2.1 When a Contracting State renders valid a License issued by another

 When a State limits the authorization to specific privileges, the authorization

 A Contracting State shall not permit the holder of a License to exercise

Generally License Validity ---- For 5 Years

1.2.4.1 An applicant for a License shall, when applicable, hold a Medical

1.2.4.3.1 The period of validity of a Medical Assessment may be extended, at

1.2.4.5.1 Medical examiners shall have received training in aviation medicine

1.2.4.6.1 Any false declaration to a medical examiner made by an applicant for

 60 months for the private pilot License

 60 months for the glider pilot License;

 60 months for the free balloon pilot License;

 12 months for the flight navigator License;

 12 months for the flight engineer License;

 48 months for the air traffic controller License.

1.2.5.2.1 The period of validity of a Medical Assessment may be reduced when

1.2.6.1 Holders of Licenses provided for in this

1.2.7.1 Holders of Licenses provided for in this Annex

1.2.7.2 Holders of Licenses provided for in this Annex

1.2.9.1 Aeroplane, airship, helicopter and powered-

1.2.9.5 The language proficiency of aeroplane, airship, helicopter and

 Those demonstrating language proficiency at the Operational Level (Level 4)

 Those demonstrating language proficiency at the Extended Level (Level 5)

“Licenses AND RATINGS FOR PILOTS”

NOT INCLUDED IN COURSE

Licenses FOR FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS OTHER THAN

NOT INCLUDED IN OUR COURSE

Licenses AND RATINGS FOR PERSONNEL OTHER

4.3.2 Medical fitness

The applicant shall be not less than 21 years of age.

The applicant shall have demonstrated a level of knowledge appropriate to the

a) Rules and regulations relevant to the air traffic controller;

Air traffic control equipment

b) Principles, use and limitations of equipment used in air traffic control;

c) Principles of flight; principles of operation and functioning of aircraft,

d) Human performance including principles of threat and error

Note.— Guidance material to design training programmes on

e) Aeronautical meteorology; use and appreciation of meteorological

f) Principles of air navigation; principle, limitation and accuracy of

g) Air traffic control, communication, radiotelephony and phraseology

4.4.1.4 Medical fitness

The applicant shall hold a current Class 3 Medical Assessment.

4.5.1 Categories of air traffic controller ratings

Air traffic controller ratings shall comprise the following categories:

a) Aerodrome control rating;

b) Approach control procedural rating;

c) Approach control surveillance rating;

To provide and/or supervise the