Course title: Industrial Pharmacy-I

Course code: 612-T

CLARIFICATION
AND
FILTRATION

Course In-charge: Miss Ayesha Kiran

 Objective of the study
 Clarification and its types
 Filtration
 Filter media
 Factors affecting filtration
 Selection of filters
 Clarification

Clarification is the process of clarifying a

liquid containing small amounts of solid
particles via removing the solid portion from
the liquid.
 Clarification
Different methods of clarification:

 Filtration
 Gravity sedimentation
 Centrifugal sedimentation
 Magnetic separation
Clarification
FILTRATION
 Clarification
GRAVITY SEDIMENTATION
 Clarification
CENTRIFUGAL SEDIMENTATION
 Clarification
MAGNETIC SEPARATION
 Clarification

Clarifying agents are used to remove

suspended solids from liquids by
inducing flocculation (the solids begin to
aggregate forming flakes, which either
precipitate to the bottom or float to the
surface of the liquid, and then they can be
removed or collected).
 Filtration
 Filtration is an analytical technique for the
separation of a solid from a liquid.

 This process helps to remove solids in a fluid

via passing the fluid through a barrier that
can hold the solid particles via a physical,
mechanical or biological operation.
 Filtration
 The suspension of solid and liquid to be
filtered is known as slurry.
 The porous medium used to retain solids is
described as filter medium.
 The accumulation of solids on the filter is
referred as filter cake.
 The clear liquid passing through the filter is
the filterate.
 Filter Media
 Filter media are the portion of a filtering
system that separates unwanted particles
from the substance being filtered.

 The type of material used as a filter medium

is dependant upon the material being filtered.
Types of Filter Media

In general, there are two

common types of filters;

I. Liquid filters
II. Gas filters.
 Types of Filter Media
Air Filter Media
 In an air filter, the most common filter media are paper,
cotton and foam.

I. Paper provides an inexpensive, though less durable

medium.
II. Foam is used as a lightweight refractory material for a
multitude of industrial applications. Though often less
porous than other filter media, they offer stability, thermal
conductivity and the ability to isolate specific materials.
III. Cotton is recognized as an exceptional air filtration
medium because it allows for high airflow while providing
the ability to filter minute particles.
 Types of Filter Media
Air Filter Media
One of the most popular commercial air filters
are the HEPA, or high-efficiency particulate air,
filter, have an excellent capability to remove
airborne particulates.
 Types of Filter Media
Liquid Filter Media

 Liquid filters remove impurities, contaminants

and valuable materials from fluids.

 Filter media for liquids include fiber, granular

beds, woven fabrics and metal screens.

 The choice of filter depends on the nature of

the particles and fluids being separated as
well as whether you intend to remove
impurities or to recover materials within the
fluid.
 Types of Filter Media
Liquid Filter Media

 Metal screens are effective when

removing larger particles from a fast-
moving liquid.

 Woven fabrics are useful for removing

much smaller materials from slower
fluids.
 Selection of filters
 Particle size of contaminants
 Operating conditions of the system
 Pressure drop
 The chemical compatibility of the system
 The physical configuration of the housing unit.
 The physical configuration of the housing unit.

 Reverse Osmosis is a technology that is used to remove

a large majority of contaminants from water by pushing
the water under pressure through a semi-permeable
membrane.
 The physical configuration of the housing unit.

Single bag housings use one filter bag to

remove dirt and debris, big and small,
from fluid in a system.

There are many different types of bags,

made from all kinds of durable and
absorbent materials.
 The physical configuration of the housing unit.

 Multi bag filter housings, as their name suggests, carry

multiple bags at once.

 These are great for larger applications with high flow and
a system that cannot be shut down.

 They let more fluid through a system at one time,

sometimes using over 50 bags at once.

 This means 50 times the flow rate as a single bag

housing.
The physical configuration of the housing unit.
The physical configuration of the housing
unit.
 A cartridge filter is a piece of tubular
filtration equipment that can be used
across various industries for an array of
filtration requirements.
 A cartridge is encased within a housing or
a casing and used to remove unwanted
particles, pollutants, and chemicals from
liquids.
The physical configuration of the housing unit.
Factors affecting filtration:
I. Properties of liquid
II. Properties of solid
III. Proportion of solid in slurry
IV. Collection the solid, liquid or both
V. Solids have to be washed free from
liquid or a solute.
Factors affecting filtration:
 References:
 https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/machinery-tools-supplies/filter-
media/#:~:text=Filter%20media%20are%20the%20portion,upon%2
0the%20material%20being%20filtered

 https://www.commercialfiltrationsupply.com/education/how-select-a
n-industrial-filter.html

 https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-clarification
-and-filtration/

 https://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/processing_equipment/filtrat
ion_separation_products/liquid_solid_filtration_separation_equipme
nt

 Aulton's Pharmaceutics: The Design and Manufacture of Medicines.

 Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy (sixth edition) Chapter name