INDUSTRIJSKA ENERGETIKA I ZAŠTITA ŽIVOTNE

SREDINE U ZEMLJAMA JUGOISTOČNE EVROPE – IEEP 202 4

Beograd, Srbija, 29 - 31. maj 2024.

OPTIMAL INTRA-STATION REGIMES OF VLASINSKE HYDROPOWER

PLANTS

Aleksandar Petković
The Academy of Applied Technical Studies Belgrade
 IEEP ‘24
1. INTRODUCTION
Improvement of exploitation of hydropower plants:
► improvement of technology and procedures of equipment maintenance and upkeep of
hydrotechnical structures of HPPs,
► modernization of HPPs control systems (SCADAs),
► technological integration with other participants within belonging electric-power and
water- utility systems,
► troubleshootings (of any kind),
► improvement of exploitation regimes of HPPs, with consideration of their ancillary services
at deregulated electric power market environment, etc.
 IEEP ‘24
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
2.1. TECHNICAL FORMULATION
Optimal Intra-Station Load Dispatching (OIntraSLD) problem is technically formulated in the following manner:
for the given value of headwater elevation and given status of gen-units availability for operation,
determine the composition of active gen-units and load sharing among them, so to satisfy all applicable
technical constraints and to provide that working process of the HPP performs in extreme way as per some desired
criterion.

2.2. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION

Strict form of mathematical formulation of the OIntraSLD problem applied is as follows:
subject to the constraints :
 IEEP ‘24
3. CASE STUDY – VLASINSKE HPPs
3.1. LAYOUT OF THE SYSTEM

ХЕ Врла I

ХЕ Врла II

ХЕ Врла III

ХЕ Врла IV
 IEEP ‘24
3. CASE STUDY – VLASINSKE HPPs
3.2. MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM
HPP 1 HPP 2 HPP 3 HPP 4
entirely phase 1 phase 2 phase 1 phase 2 phase 1 phase 2 phase 1 phase 2
(1958) (1977) (1958) (1977) (1958) (1977) (1958) (1977)
- number of HPPs 4 / / / /
4 2 2 2
- number of gen-units 10
2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
- type of turbines / Pelton Francis Francis Francis
- HPP installed turbine output 50.6 24.2 29.2 25.5
130
[MW]; turbine rated output [MW] 2 x 11.7 2 x 13.6 11.3 12.9 13.5 15.7 11.4 14.1
- max. turbine operating output
≈ 123 ≈ 48 ≈ 22.6 ≈ 27.3 ≈ 23.6
[MW]
- average annual energy
310 105 55 82 68
generation [GWh/y]
- total installed discharge [m3/s] / 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.5
- turbine rated discharge [m3/s] / 2x4 2 x 5.25 8.5 10 8.5 10 8.5 10
340 160 205 170
- gross head range, approx. [m] 865
(343÷334) (162÷157) (206÷203) (172÷168)
- average annual operating time, 2600 2800 3350 3500 3050 4050 3050 4150
/
approx. [h/y; h/day] (7.5) (8) (9.5) (10) (8.5) (11.5) (8.5) (12)
- average annual number of gen-
/ 210 230 220 330 260 360 235 340
units starts, approx. [start/y]
 IEEP ‘24
3. CASE STUDY – VLASINSKE HPPs
3.2. COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF ACTUALLY
PERFORMED REGIMES vs. INTRA-STATION
OPTIMAL ONES

𝛴𝐸𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑟𝑙𝑎 1−4 [𝑀𝑊ℎ] 𝛴𝛥𝐸𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑟𝑙𝑎 1−4 [𝑀𝑊ℎ] 𝑒𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑟𝑙𝑎 1−4 [%]
day additional energy generation, additional energy generation, from
totally generated active energy,
from saved water saved water
for the entire 4 HPPs
(absolute value) (percentual value)
11.1.2007. 799 MWh 30.39 MWh +3.80%

HPP Vrla 1
= 295 𝑀𝑊ℎൗ
𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑
- totally generated active energy at the HPP 𝛴𝐸𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑎𝑦
- totally utilized water, as per actually performed regimes 𝛴𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 385012 𝑚³ൗ
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐 ℎ 𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝛴𝐸𝐻𝑃𝑃
(𝑒𝐻𝑃𝑃 = = 0.766210 𝑘𝑊ℎൗ )
𝛴𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑚³
𝛴𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 372948.1 𝑚³ൗ
𝑜𝑝𝑡
- totally utilized water, as per optimal intra-station regimes 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = −3.1%
𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐 ℎ 𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝛴𝐸
= 0.790995 𝑘𝑊ℎൗ = +3.23%)
𝑜𝑝𝑡
(𝑒𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑝𝑡
𝛴𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑚³
𝛴𝛥𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 12064 𝑚³ൗ
𝑜𝑝𝑡
- saved water, as per optimal intra-station regimes 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝛥𝐸𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 𝑒𝐻𝑃𝑃 ∗ 𝛴𝛥𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 9.542 𝑀𝑊ℎൗ
𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑡
- additional energy generation, from saved water 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = +3.23%
HPP Vrla 2
= 155 𝑀𝑊ℎൗ
𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑
- totally generated active energy at the HPP 𝛴𝐸𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑎𝑦
- totally utilized water, as per actually performed regimes 𝛴𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 457327 𝑚³ൗ
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐 ℎ 𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝛴𝐸𝐻𝑃𝑃
(𝑒𝐻𝑃𝑃 = = 0.338926 𝑘𝑊ℎൗ )
𝛴𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑚³
= 431880.1 𝑚³ൗ
𝑜𝑝𝑡
- totally utilized water, as per optimal intra-station regimes 𝛴𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = −5.6%
𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐 ℎ 𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝛴𝐸
= 0.358896 𝑘𝑊ℎൗ = +5.89%)
𝑜𝑝𝑡
(𝑒𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑝𝑡
𝛴𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑚³
𝛴𝛥𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 25445 𝑚³ൗ
𝑜𝑝𝑡
- saved water, as per optimal intra-station regimes 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝛥𝐸𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 𝑒𝐻𝑃𝑃 ∗ 𝛴𝛥𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 9.133 𝑀𝑊ℎൗ
𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑝 𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑡
- additional energy generation, from saved water 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = +5.89%
 IEEP ‘24
3. CASE STUDY – VLASINSKE HPPs
3.2. COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF ACTUALLY
PERFORMED REGIMES vs. INTRA-STATION
OPTIMAL ONES (cont.)

𝛴𝐸𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑟𝑙𝑎 1−4 [𝑀𝑊ℎ] 𝛴𝛥𝐸𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑟𝑙𝑎 1−4 [𝑀𝑊ℎ] 𝑒𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑟𝑙𝑎 1−4 [%]
day additional energy generation, additional energy generation, from
totally generated active energy,
from saved water saved water
for the entire 4 HPPs
(absolute value) (percentual value)
11.1.2007. 799 MWh 30.39 MWh +3.80%

HPP Vrla 3
= 191 𝑀𝑊ℎൗ
𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑
- totally generated active energy at the HPP 𝛴𝐸𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑎𝑦
- totally utilized water, as per actually performed regimes 𝛴𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 443023 𝑚³ൗ
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝛴𝐸𝐻𝑃𝑃
(𝑒𝐻𝑃𝑃 = = 0.431129 𝑘𝑊ℎൗ )
𝛴𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑚³
- totally utilized water, as per optimal intra-station regimes
𝑜𝑝𝑡
𝛴𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 428891 𝑚³ൗ = −3.2%
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝛴𝐸
= 0.445335 𝑘𝑊ℎൗ = +3.30%)
𝑜𝑝𝑡
(𝑒𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑝𝑡
𝛴𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑚³
𝛴𝛥𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 14132 𝑚³ൗ
𝑜𝑝𝑡
- saved water, as per optimal intra-station regimes 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝛥𝐸𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 𝑒𝐻𝑃𝑃 ∗ 𝛴𝛥𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 6.293 𝑀𝑊ℎൗ
𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑡
- additional energy generation, from saved water 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = +3.30%
HPP Vrla 4
= 158 𝑀𝑊ℎൗ
𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑
- totally generated active energy at the HPP 𝛴𝐸𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑎𝑦
- totally utilized water, as per actually performed regimes 𝛴𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 423058 𝑚³ൗ
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝛴𝐸𝐻𝑃𝑃
(𝑒𝐻𝑃𝑃 = = 0.373472 𝑘𝑊ℎൗ )
𝛴𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑚³
- totally utilized water, as per optimal intra-station regimes
𝑜𝑝𝑡
𝛴𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 409028 𝑚³ൗ = −3.3%
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝛴𝐸
= 0.386281 𝑘𝑊ℎൗ = +3.40%)
𝑜𝑝𝑡
(𝑒𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑝𝑡
𝛴𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 𝑚³
𝛴𝛥𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 14029 𝑚³ൗ
𝑜𝑝𝑡
- saved water, as per optimal intra-station regimes 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝛥𝐸𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 𝑒𝐻𝑃𝑃 ∗ 𝛴𝛥𝑊𝐻𝑃𝑃 = 5.419 𝑀𝑊ℎൗ
𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑡
- additional energy generation, from saved water 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = +3.40%
 IEEP ‘24
3. CASE STUDY – VLASINSKE HPPs
3.3. SCHEDULES OF OPTIMAL INTRA-STATION REGIMES (SAMPLE OF HPP VRLA 1)
HEV1_rasp22_rot0_manev0

raspolozivost zahtevi za radom HE sastav

Q_HE_uk Q_T(1) Q_T(2) Q_T(3) Q_T(4) P_HE_T_uk P_T(1) P_T(2) P_T(3) P_T(4) P_HE_G_uk P_G(1) P_G(2) P_G(3) P_G(4)
agregata P_HE_prag P_HE_T_rot P_dot_HE_T_man agregata
[/] [ MW ] [ MW ] [ kW/s ] [/] [ m 3/s ] [ m 3/s ] [ m 3/s ] [ m 3/s ] [ m 3/s ] [ MW ] [ MW ] [ MW ] [ MW ] [ MW ] [ MW ] [ MW ] [ MW ] [ MW ] [ MW ]
N/A 1 0 0
N/A 2 0 0
"1111 3 6.987 53.1 "1000 1.265 1.265 0 0 0 3.602 3.602 0 0 0 3.277 3.277 0 0 0
"1111 4 9.046 56 "0010 1.591 0 0 1.591 0 4.574 0 0 4.574 0 4.279 0 0 4.279 0
"1111 5 8.036 72.2 "0010 1.915 0 0 1.915 0 5.584 0 0 5.584 0 5.283 0 0 5.283 0
"1111 6 7.028 78 "0010 2.244 0 0 2.244 0 6.593 0 0 6.593 0 6.287 0 0 6.287 0
"1111 7 6.017 75.4 "0010 2.58 0 0 2.58 0 7.603 0 0 7.603 0 7.293 0 0 7.293 0
"1111 8 5.003 68.8 "0010 2.924 0 0 2.924 0 8.617 0 0 8.617 0 8.3 0 0 8.3 0
"1111 9 3.985 61.3 "0010 3.272 0 0 3.272 0 9.635 0 0 9.635 0 9.307 0 0 9.307 0
"1111 10 2.966 54.2 "0010 3.624 0 0 3.624 0 10.654 0 0 10.654 0 10.315 0 0 10.315 0
"1111 11 1.945 47.9 "0010 3.977 0 0 3.977 0 11.675 0 0 11.675 0 11.324 0 0 11.324 0
"1111 12 0.83 42.6 "0010 4.333 0 0 4.333 0 12.696 0 0 12.696 0 12.334 0 0 12.334 0
"1111 13 10.349 160.8 "1010 4.758 2.196 0 2.562 0 13.968 6.425 0 7.543 0 13.333 6.1 0 7.233 0
"1111 14 9.339 153.9 "1010 5.101 2.288 0 2.812 0 14.978 6.694 0 8.284 0 14.34 6.371 0 7.969 0
"1111 15 8.326 146 "1010 5.448 2.357 0 3.091 0 15.991 6.892 0 9.099 0 15.347 6.57 0 8.777 0
"1111 16 7.31 138.2 "1010 5.799 2.4 0 3.399 0 17.007 7.014 0 9.993 0 16.354 6.693 0 9.662 0
"1111 17 6.291 131.1 "1010 6.152 2.422 0 3.73 0 18.026 7.076 0 10.95 0 17.363 6.756 0 10.607 0
"1111 18 5.272 124.8 "1010 6.507 2.445 0 4.063 0 19.046 7.139 0 11.907 0 18.372 6.818 0 11.554 0
"1111 19 4.253 118.8 "1010 6.865 2.496 0 4.369 0 20.064 7.282 0 12.782 0 19.381 6.962 0 12.419 0
"1111 20 3.171 112.5 "1010 7.229 2.592 0 4.637 0 21.08 7.546 0 13.535 0 20.391 7.227 0 13.164 0
"1111 21 2.215 105.7 "1010 7.604 2.732 0 4.871 0 22.096 7.922 0 14.175 0 21.401 7.604 0 13.797 0
"1111 22 1.206 97.1 "1010 7.996 2.996 0 5 0 23.109 8.596 0 14.513 0 22.411 8.279 0 14.131 0
"1111 23 13.545 133.4 "1011 8.364 2.477 0 2.944 2.944 24.349 7.222 0 8.564 8.564 23.394 6.902 0 8.246 8.246
"1111 24 12.53 127.5 "1011 8.726 2.522 0 3.102 3.102 25.364 7.346 0 9.009 9.009 24.402 7.026 0 8.688 8.688
"1111 25 11.384 122.1 "1011 9.092 2.561 0 3.265 3.265 26.38 7.452 0 9.464 9.464 25.409 7.133 0 9.138 9.138
"1111 26 10.438 117.1 "1011 9.461 2.596 0 3.433 3.433 27.397 7.544 0 9.927 9.927 26.417 7.225 0 9.596 9.596
"1111 27 9.479 112.6 "1011 9.834 2.628 0 3.603 3.603 28.416 7.628 0 10.394 10.394 27.425 7.31 0 10.058 10.058
"1111 28 8.46 108.5 "1011 10.21 2.659 0 3.775 3.775 29.434 7.71 0 10.862 10.862 28.433 7.392 0 10.521 10.521
"1111 29 7.441 104.5 "1011 10.589 2.694 0 3.948 3.948 30.454 7.8 0 11.327 11.327 29.442 7.482 0 10.98 10.98
"1111 30 6.422 100.7 "1011 10.973 2.735 0 4.119 4.119 31.473 7.907 0 11.783 11.783 30.452 7.59 0 11.431 11.431
"1111 31 14.45 118.4 "1111 11.356 2.346 2.346 3.333 3.333 32.75 6.743 6.743 9.632 9.632 31.449 6.42 6.42 9.304 9.304
"1111 32 13.469 113.6 "1111 11.73 2.374 2.374 3.491 3.491 33.767 6.816 6.816 10.068 10.068 32.457 6.493 6.493 9.735 9.735
"1111 33 12.474 109.2 "1111 12.107 2.4 2.4 3.654 3.654 34.784 6.882 6.882 10.51 10.51 33.465 6.56 6.56 10.172 10.172
"1111 34 11.457 105 "1111 12.488 2.427 2.427 3.817 3.817 35.802 6.95 6.95 10.951 10.951 34.473 6.628 6.628 10.608 10.608
"1111 35 10.439 101 "1111 12.873 2.457 2.457 3.98 3.98 36.819 7.024 7.024 11.386 11.386 35.482 6.703 6.703 11.038 11.038
"1111 36 9.421 97.2 "1111 13.261 2.492 2.492 4.138 4.138 37.837 7.113 7.113 11.805 11.805 36.491 6.792 6.792 11.453 11.453
"1111 37 8.405 93.3 "1111 13.656 2.536 2.536 4.292 4.292 38.854 7.221 7.221 12.205 12.205 37.5 6.901 6.901 11.849 11.849
"1111 38 7.389 89.3 "1111 14.057 2.59 2.59 4.439 4.439 39.87 7.353 7.353 12.582 12.582 38.51 7.033 7.033 12.222 12.222
"1111 39 6.373 85.3 "1111 14.468 2.655 2.655 4.579 4.579 40.885 7.51 7.51 12.933 12.933 39.519 7.191 7.191 12.569 12.569
"1111 40 5.358 81.2 "1111 14.889 2.733 2.733 4.712 4.712 41.9 7.693 7.693 13.257 13.257 40.529 7.375 7.375 12.89 12.89
"1111 41 4.344 77 "1111 15.323 2.824 2.824 4.837 4.837 42.915 7.903 7.903 13.554 13.554 41.539 7.586 7.586 13.184 13.184
"1111 42 3.307 72.6 "1111 15.775 2.932 2.932 4.956 4.956 43.929 8.142 8.142 13.822 13.822 42.548 7.825 7.825 13.449 13.449
"1111 43 2.234 67.2 "1111 16.248 3.124 3.124 5 5 44.939 8.556 8.556 13.914 13.914 43.557 8.24 8.24 13.539 13.539
"1111 44 1.213 61.1 "1111 16.76 3.402 3.402 4.978 4.978 45.947 9.122 9.122 13.851 13.851 44.566 8.806 8.806 13.477 13.477
"1111 45 0.154 56.5 "1111 17.277 3.639 3.639 5 5 46.96 9.59 9.59 13.89 13.89 45.576 9.272 9.272 13.515 13.515
"1111 45.503 -0.259 53 "1111 17.549 3.994 3.994 4.781 4.781 47.462 10.36 10.36 13.371 13.371 46.083 10.039 10.039 13.002 13.002
 IEEP ‘24
4. CONCLUSIONS
4. CONCLUSIONS

1.Optimization of exploitation regimes of HPPs, if duly implemented, allows for significant additional energy
generation and benefits to the owner companies.

2. Intra-station optimization is applicable to any HPP, both the ones availing with asymmetric and the ones with
symmetric energetic characteristics. Anyhow, the HPPs with asymmetric energetic characteristics are far more
eligible to optimization gains.

3. The system of HPPs Vrla 1-4 that had been analyzed within the Case Study avails with quite complex and
asymmetric energetic characteristics. It is shown that additional energy generation, obtainable by
implementation of intra-station optimization, is as high as 3% (10 GWh/year). This benefit is equivalent to 1230
t/year of equivalent coal, or to annual consumption of approx. 1400 households (at approx. 600 kWh/month), or
to approx. 800.000 EUR/year (at average price of 8 EURc/kWh).

4. Tools for intra-station optimization of the system of HPPs Vrla 1-4 (optimization software and optimal load-
dispatching tables) had been implemented within Electric Power Authority of Serbia (Vlasinske hydropower
plants) in 2018. by Hidromaškonsalting, Belgrade and University of Belgrade - Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering.
 HVALA NA PAŽNJI!
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