TAMILNADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH

INSTITUTE, MADURAI -625104
AEX -401 RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK EXPERIENCE
(0+20)
RAWE(2023-2024)
PARAMAKUDI GROUP
MELAYAKUDI
KARTHIKA C
(2020002068)
Course Teachers
Dr.R.Velusamy, Professor & Head Group Facilitators
Dr.K.Ramakrishnan, Professor Dr.S.Muthuramu, Associate Professor
Dr.G.Selvarani, Associate Professor Dr.Jasmine Juliet,Teaching Assistant
 VILLAGE DETAILS
DISTRICT: Ramanathapuram
BLOCK: Paramakudi
TALUK: Paramakudi
PANCHAYAT: Melayakudi
VILLAGE: Melayakudi
TOTAL GEOGRAPHIC AREA: 1174.44 ha
BOUNDARIES
North: Andakudi
South: Melakavanur
East: Vendoni
West: Vilathur

source:VAO office
LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN
PARTICULARS AREA(ha)
Forest 0
Non Agricultural uses 211.805
Barren and unculturable land 0
Permanent pastures and other grazing land 0
Land under Miscellaneous tree crops and groves 177.455
Culturable waste land 0
Fallow land other than current fallows 276.785

Current fallows 230

Net cultivated area 278.425
Total geographical area 1174.47

Source:VAO office, Melayakudi

 DEMOGRAPHIC DETAILS
• Population in Panchayat: 4078
• Number of Villages in the Panchayat: 9
• Female Population in the Village: 2035
• Male Population in the Village: 2043
• Total Population in Melayakudi: 4078
• Percent of Literate Male: 73.2%
• Percent of Literate Femlae: 65%
• Farmers:
Small and Marginal farmers:510
Big farmers: 35
VAO Office,Paramakudi
AREA UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS
CROP AREA IN ha
18.995
PADDY 190.400
59.4
CHILLI 59.40
COTTON 18.995

190.44

paddy
chilli
cotton
EXTENSION ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITIES TARGET ACHIVIED
FARMERS CONTACTED 6
PRA 5
MEETINGS 2
DEMONSTRATIONS 4
ITKs 3
HANDOUTS 6
PUBLICATIONS 4
INSTITUTIONS VISITED 5
TRADITIONAL SEEDS COLLECTED 3
PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA)
TOOLS EMPLOYED/USED

• Social map
• Problem tree
• Seasonal calendar
• Matrix ranking
• Daily routine calendar
SOCIAL MAPPING
Place: Melayakudi
Date: 22.04.2024
Inference: Institutions like Panchayat office, VAO office, e-sevai office,
Primary and Higher secondary schools, Ration shop, SBI bank are
situated within the village.

Melayakudi 22/04/2024
SEASONAL CALENDAR
Place: Melayakudi
Date: 22.04.2024
• Through seasonal calendar we came to know about the crops that are
cultivated in the village and their growing seasons.
• The major crops grown are Paddy, Cotton, Chilli
Inference:
Paddy – Sept to Dec
Cotton – Oct to March
Chilli- Sept to March

Melayakudi 22/04/2024
MATRIX RANKING
Place: Melayakudi
Date: 22.04.2024
Inference:
The Ranking of the problems:
I-Lack of Labourers
II-Pest infestation
III-High input costs
IV-Delayed rain/Water scarcity
V- Subsidies
Melayakudi 22/04/2024
PROBLEM TREE
Place: Melayakudi
Date: 22.04.2024
Inference:
The major problems identified in the village are
• Lack of labours
• High input cost
• Delayed rainfall/Water scarcity
• High labour cost
• Pest and Diseases

Melayakudi 22/04/2024
Daily routine calendar
Place: Melayakudi
Date: 22.04.2024
Through daily routine calendar we came to
know about the day to day activities of the
village women.

Melayakudi 22/04/2024
Major agricultural problems identified in the village
PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS
• COTTON
Use of yellow sticky trap,fish oil rosin soap
Mealybug
Seed treatment with Bio fertilizers
Stem weevil
Bollworm Avoid mono cropping and ratooning

• CHILLI
Sucking pests Use of yellow sticky trap

• PADDY Use of egg parasitoids(Trichrogramma )

Leaf folder
 FARMERS DETAILS:

S. CATEGORY NAME PHONE NO. AREA CROPS CULTIVATED

N
O
1. Marginal Mr.K.Thangavel 9894436814 2 acre Cotton,Chilli,Paddy
Farmer
2. Small Farmer Mr.A.Palraj 8870157737 5 acre Cotton,Chilli,Paddy

3. Big Farmer Mr.Murugaiah 9788764526 7 acre Cotton,Chilli,Paddy

4. Farm Women Mrs.R.Shanmugavalli 9942777252 4 acre Cotton,Chilli,Paddy

 Marginal Farmer- Mr.K.Thangavel
• Area : 2 acre
• Crops grown : Paddy, Cotton, Chilli
• Current crop : Cotton
• Variety : SVPR 2
• Crop Duration : 160 days
• Source of irrigation :Canal
• Previous crop : Paddy
• Variety : RNR
• Fertilizer:
Urea 45kg/ac+ NPK 50kg/ac+ MOP 50kg/ac
• Pests & Diseases
Cotton – Mealybug , Bollworm
Chilli – Thrips , Aphids, Leaf roller, Fruit borer
Paddy- Sucking pests, Leaf roller
Melayakudi,08/04/24
 COST OF CULTIVATION OF COTTON (1 ACRE)
PARTICULARS INPUTS UNIT COST TOTAL COST (Rs)
Ploughing(2times) Tractor+Plough(1hr/ Rs.900/hr 1800
time)
Seed 4 kg Rs.100/kg 400
Labour charge 1 man day Rs.450/day 450
Urea 1-2 bag (45kg/bag) Rs.280/bag(society) 450
DAP 1 bag(50kg/bag) Rs.1700/bag 1700
MOP 1 bag (50kg/bag) Rs.1600/bag 1600
Application charge 2 man days Rs.450/day 900
Plant Protection 3 times Rs.500/time 1500
Chemicals
First weeding 20 woman days Rs.300/day 6000
Second weeding 15 woman days Rs.300/day 4500
Third weeding 10 woman days Rs.300/day 3000
Irrigation 4 times Rs.500/time 2000
Harvest 10 pickings Rs.1500/picking 15000
TOTAL 39270
PARTICULARS Cost
Yield 950kg
Price Rs.7000/quintal
Gross return Rs.66500
Net return Rs.27230
BC ratio 1:1.63
Small Farmer: Mr.A.Palraj
• Area:5 acre
• Crops grown : Paddy,Cotton,Chilli
• Current crop : Cotton
• Variety : SVPR 2
• Crop Duration : 160 day
• Source of irrigation :Canal
• Previous crop : Paddy
• Variety : RNR
• Fertilizer:
Urea 45kg/ac+ NPK 50kg/ac+ MOP 50kg/ac
Basal: Application of goat droppings with crushed neem seeds
• Pests & Diseases
Cotton – Mealybug , Bollworm
Chilli – Thrips , Aphids, Leaf roller, Fruit borer
Paddy- Sucking pests, Leaf roller
• Livestock Melayakudi,07/04/2024

Sheep-Ramnad white - 10
 COST OF CULTIVATION OF COTTON (1 ACRE)
PARTICULARS INPUTS UNIT COST TOTAL
COST (Rs)
Ploughing(2times) Tractor+Plough(1hr/ 1800
time)
Seed 4 kg Rs.900/hr 400
Labour charge 1 man day Rs.100/kg 450 PARTICULARS Cost
Urea 1-2 bag (45kg/bag) Rs.280/bag 450 Yield 950kg
DAP 1 bag(50kg/bag) Rs.1700/bag 1700 Price Rs.7000/quintal
MOP 1 bag (50kg/bag) Rs.1600/bag 1600 Gross return Rs.66500
Application charge 2 man days Rs.450/day 900 Net return Rs.27230
Plant Protection 3 times Rs.1000/time 1500 BC ratio 1:1.63
Chemicals
First weeding 20 woman days Rs.300/day 6000
Second weeding 15 woman days Rs.300/day 4500
Third weeding 10 woman days Rs.300/day 3000
Irrigation 4 times Rs.1000/time 2000
Harvest 10 pickings Rs.3000/picking 15000
TOTAL 39270
Big Farmer: Mr. Murugaiah
• Area: 7 acre
• Crops grown : Paddy,Cotton,Chilli, Agathi
• Current crop : Cotton
• Variety : SVPR 2
• Crop Duration : 160 days
• Source of irrigation :Canal,Borewell
• Previous crop : Paddy
• Variety : RNR
• Fertilizer:
Urea 45kg/ac+ NPK 50kg/ac+ MOP 50kg/ac
• Pests & Diseases
Cotton – Mealybug , Bollworm
Chilli – Thrips , Aphids, Leaf roller, Fruit borer
Melayakudi,12/04/24
Paddy- Sucking pests, Leaf roller
Farm Woman: Mrs.Shanmugavalli
• Area: 4 Acres
• Crops grown : Paddy,Cotton,Chilli
• Current crop : Cotton
• Variety : SVPR 2
• Crop Duration : 160 days
• Source of irrigation :Canal
• Previous crop : Chilli
• Variety : Mundu chilli
• Fertilizer:
Urea 45kg/ac+ NPK 50kg/ac+ MOP 50kg/ac(for cotton)
• Pests & Diseases
Cotton – Mealybug , Bollworm
Chilli – Thrips , Aphids, Leaf roller, Fruit borer
Melayakudi,13/04/24
 COST OF CULTIVATION OF CHILLI (1 ACRE)
PARTICULARS INPUTS UNIT COST(Rs.) TOTAL COST(Rs.)

Ploughing(4times) Tractor+plough 900/hr 3600

Seed 2kg 600/kg 1200
Sowing 1 man days 450/day 450
Urea 1 bag 280/bag 280
DAP 1 bag 1700/bag 1700
Nitrate 1 bag 1400/bag 1400
Micronutrients 15kg 500/15kg 500
Plant Protection Chemicals 500 500
First weeding 20 women days 300/day 6000
Second weeding 20 women days 300/day 6000
Third weeding 15 women days 300/day 4500
Irrigation 3 times 500/time 1500
Harvest 40 women days 300/day 12000

TOTAL 39630
PARTICULARS COST
Yield 400kg
Price Rs.200/kg
Gross return Rs.80000
Net return Rs.40370
BC ratio 1:2.01
 PADDY
PARTICULARS THEORETICAL PRACTICAL

VARIETY RNR,NLR CO 53,TKM 15, TRY 5,PMK

1, PMK 2, ANNA(R)4

DURATION 120-125 Days PKM 1: 120-125 days

PKM 2: 110-115 days
ANNA(R)4 : 100-105 days
SEED RATE 40 Kg/ac 30 Kg/ac

FERTILIZERS Urea (3 bags)-3x45 150:50:50 NPK Kg/ha

DAP (1 bag)-1x50
MOP(0.5 bag)-0.5x50
MEETINGS CONDUCTED
MEETING 1 - ABOUT SEED TREATMENT
• Place: Melayakudi
• Date:30.04.2024
• Explained about the benefits of seed
treatment and its impact on crop growth
and development.
• Seed treatment can be done with either
chemicals or using biological substances
• It induces early germination and prevents
seed-borne pathogens and pests.
• Most of the farmers were interested to
know about different types of seed
treatment and the chemicals used in it. Melayakudi 30/04/2024
MEETING 2 - ABOUT NANOUREA
• Place: Melayakudi
• Date:07.05.2024
• Explained about the benefits of nanourea
and its effect on crop growth .
• Nanourea can be sprayed to all the crops
which includes cereals,pulses,vegetables,
fruits and others

Melayakudi,07/05/2024
DEMONSTRATIONS
1.Demo on Egg flotation technique
• Place: Melayakudi
• Date:31.04.2024
• Participants:10 Members
• Materials Used: Egg, Salt, Paddy seeds,
Water
• Benefits
By doing this farmers can separate
and discard the damaged and non-viable
seeds and ensure that only viable seeds
are used for planting.

Melayakudi 31/04/2024
2.Demo on Yellow Sticky Trap
• Place: Melayakudi
• Date:30.04.20204
• Participants: 10 Members
• Reason for demonstration
Infestation of the chilli fields by thrips
and aphids.
• Recommendation: 12/ha

Melayakudi 30/04/2024
3.Demo on cotton seed treatment
• Place: Melayakudi
• Date:07.05.20204
• Participants: 12 Members
• Different types of seed treatment methods are
explained and treatment with biofertilizer is
demonstrated.
Materials required: maida solution, biofertilizer,
Cotton seeds
The cotton seeds are mixed with maida solution and
then mixed with biofertilizer and are shade dried
and used for sowing. Melayakudi,07/05/2024
4.Demo on egg card
• Place: Melayakudi
• Date:09.05.20204
• Participants: 8 Members
• Reason:
During paddy season leaf folder and stem
borer infestation is common.
• Recommendation:
• 3 releases at weekly interval and 5cc/ha/release
• Benefits:
Prevents the damage caused by the feeding
Caterpillars and also breaks the life cycle of the
pest , effectively preventing the pest from reproducing.
Melayakudi,09/05/2024
ITKs DOCUMENTED
1.Application of goat droppings with crushed neem seeds
• Name of the Farmer: A.Palraj
• Contact number:8870157737
• Date: 20.04.2024
• Materials required:
Goat droppings, crushed neem seeds/neem cake
• Procedure
Neem seeds are collected over and crushed

Goat droppings are crushed and mixed together with

the crushed neem seeds (or with neem cake)

The mixture is broadcasted in the fields and

ploughed together.
Melayakudi,20/04/24
2.Using of Pungam /Neem leaves to control grain moth
• Name of the farmer:Mrs.Sangeetha
• Contact number:854810438
• Date:08.05.2024
• Materials required: Pungam /Neem leaves
• Procedure:
Pungam or Neem leaves branches are placed in
between the paddy storage bags.

It controls the grain moth infestation during

paddy storage.
Melayakudi,08/05/24
3.Using dried chillies to control pulse beetles
•Name of the farmer:Kvitha
•Contact number:8825486016
•Date:08.05.2024
•Materials required: Dried chilli
•Procedure
While storing of pulses place some dried
chillies in the storage container and store them

It will help to prevent the occurrence of the

pulse beetles during storage.
Melayakudi,08/05/24
 CASE STUDY
Name of the farmer: Mr.Murugaesen
Village: Melayakudi
Contact number:7708459616
Date:10.05.2024
• He is cultivating paddy during sept to dec and also
raising sheeps (Ramnad white)
• Number of sheeps:80
• Crop : Paddy (RNR)
• The feed for goats are done through grazing(mostly) and by feeding them
with green feeds from the field(like agathi,daincha)
Melayakudi,10/05/2024
• The sheeps are not insured.
CASH FLOW ANALYSIS OF SHEEP
PARTICULARS COST
Initial investment 8000/goat
Vaccination Rs.2000
Feed Rs.500-750/field of daincha
Goat droppings Rs.5/kg
Penning rent(per acre=20 times) Rs.100-200/100 goats/night
Selling cost Rs.15000
For one sheep approximately the investment and rearing costs are about Rs.10,500
And the selling rate of a sheep is about Rs.15000-18000/sheep
The net returns on a sheep is ranges from Rs.5000-9000
The benefit cost ratio is 1:1.81
 COST OF CULTIVATION OF PADDY
PRACTICES Unit( per acre ) Cost( in rupees) TOTAL COST

Ploughing (4 plough)-Tractor 1hr/acre 900/hr 3600

Seed rate 40 kg /acre 30/kg 1200
Sowing 2 men day 600/men day 1200
Urea 3 bag 300/bag 900
DAP 1 bag 1200/bag 1200
MOP 0.5 bag 1800/bag 900
Application charges 2 man labour 800/person 1600
Micronutrients 15 kg 50/kg 750
Pesticide 1 time 1000/time 1000
Weeding (3 weedings) 30 women days 400/women day 12000
Harvesting 1.5 hr/acre 1000/hr 1500
Miscellenous 3500 3500
Total COC 29350
Yield 35 bag 1400/bag 49000
BC ratio 1:1.6
 SUCCESS STORY
• Name of the farmer: Mrs.Ambika
• Village: Melayakudi
• Contact number: 9629370284
• Date:09.05.2024
• Previously the farmer cultivated only paddy and cotton.
Under the National Horticulture Mission she obtained
Bhendi seeds from the department of Horticulture and
started cultivating bhendi .
• After harvesting paddy ,the sheeps are penned for
nearly one month.
• Due to sheep penning she is avoiding the use of fertilizer.
• The profit obtained from the bhendi is more than the
profit obtained from the cotton.
Melayakudi,09/05/24
 COST OF CULTIVATION OF COTTON
PARTICULARS INPUTS UNIT COST TOTAL COST (Rs)
Ploughing(2times) Tractor+Plough(1hr/time) Rs.900/hr 1800
Seed 4 kg Rs.100/kg 400
Labour charge 1 man day Rs.450/day 450
Urea 1-2 bag (45kg/bag) Rs.280/bag(society) 450
DAP 1 bag(50kg/bag) Rs.1700/bag 1700
MOP 1 bag (50kg/bag) Rs.1600/bag 1600
Application charge 2 man days Rs.450/day 900
Plant Protection Chemicals 3 times Rs.500/time 1500
First weeding 20 woman days Rs.300/day 6000
Second weeding 15 woman days Rs.300/day 4500
Third weeding 10 woman days Rs.300/day 3000
Irrigation 4 times Rs.500/time 2000
Harvest 10 pickings Rs.1500/picking 15000
TOTAL 39270
Yield 950kg/ha Rs.7000/quintal 66500
BC Ratio 1:1.63
 COST OF CULTIVATION OF BHENDI
PARTICULARS UNIT COST TOTAL
COST
Ploughing(4 times) 1hr/acre Rs.900/hr 3600
Seed Obtained through NHM
Sheep penning 15 nights Rs.100/night 1500
Weeding(3 times) 15 women days Rs.300/day 4500
Plant protection chemicals Rs.1550 800
Irrigation(5 times) 20hr/acre Rs.35/hr 3500
Harvest(10 pickings) 15 women days/picking Rs.200/day 3000
16380
Yield 100kg/acre/picking Rs.30/kg 30000
BC ratio 1:1.83
 VISIT TO RURAL INSTITUTIONS
VAO Office
VAO: Mrs.Chitra
Location:Paramakudi
Information collected
• Total no. of farmers
• Area under each crop
• Also collected demographic details and
• land use pattern of Melayakudi village

Source:VAO office, Melayakudi

 RURAL INSTITUTIONS
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
Date:22.04.2024
• Name of the school: Panchayat Union Primary School
• Place : Keelakudiiruppu, Melayakudi
• Year of Start: 1977
• Students:49
• Staffs:2
• Interacted with the students about agriculture and most of
the students showed interest regarding kitchen garden and about
sheep rearing.
Melayakudi,22/04/24
 RURAL INSTITUTIONS
PANCHAYAT OFFICE
Date:16.04.2024
• President: V.Kalimuthu
• Panchayat Secretary: N.Packiaraj
• No. of Wards: 9
• Own fund: House tax, Water tax
• Schemes:
• State schemes: SFC , ABMT (Anaithu Gramma Anna Marumalarchi Thittam)
• Central schemes: CFC
• Details Collected:
• No. of farmers
• Cropped Area
• Area of Major Crops
• Schemes available to the farmers source:panchayat office ,Melayakudi
 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
COOPERATIVE MILK SOCIETY
• Date:23.04.2024
• Year of start:1949
• Location:Paramakudi
• Secretary: Dheivambigai
• Members:599
• Milk Procurement rate:Rs.35/L
• Milk Selling rate:Rs.49/L
• 28 Records maintained Paramakudi,23/04/24

• Quality checking is done using the lactometer

 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
PRIMARY AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE CREDIT SOCIETY:
Date27.04.2024
• Year of start:1967
• Address : Q 12 , Vilathur Bsp
• Members:2789
• Records maintained: Cash book, General ledger, R&C, Day book
• Agricultural inputs provided: DAP, Urea, NPK, Potash, Seeds – Paddy
• Organizational structure:
• Secretary ---Clerk -----Attender

Vilathur,27/04/24
Handouts
 PUBLICATIONS
THINATHANTHI THINABOOMI
THINAMALAR THINABOOMI
 TRADITIONAL SEEDS
COLLECTED

Kattuyanum rice
NEW THINGS LEARNT

Minnipayaru
 VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
• Estblishment of input shop
• Using of recommended seed rate
• Using of fish oil rosin soap to control the mealy bug
• Usage of proper treated seeds
• Proper utilization of the regulated markets and storage godowns
• Going for mechanization like usage of weeders
THANK YOU