Coagulation

• Water from a natural source usually contains

suspended solids which fall in a wide size
spectrum.

Typical size of particleate found in surface water

are listed in the table below:
Masterial Particle diameter
Viruses 0. 005 – 0.01
Bacteria 0.3 – 3.0
Small colloids 0.001 – 0.1
Large colloids 0.1 - 1
Soil 1 -100
 Characteristics of colloidals
• Colloidal particles size is generally less than 1
micron. Such as clay, silt, bacteria and viruses.

• Generally colloids in natural water vhave

negative charge. Because these colloids have
the same charge they will repel each other.
• Repulsion due to electrical charge will
normally repel the colloids before they can
move close.

• If the magnitude of electrical of the electrical

force could be reduced, the particle woud
move close enough for van der walls forces to
predominate.
• Coagulation: is a chemical treatment process
used to destabilize colloidal particles

• Coagulant is a chemical that is added to the

water to achieve coagulation process.
• Traditionalyy, metal salts as aluminium
sulfate , ferric sulfate have been utilized as
coagulant

The most important mechanism to achieve

coagulant is charge neutralization which means
that the positive aluminium ions are absorbed
on the negatively charged colloids.
• Rapid mixer should provide suffisient agitation
to disperse the chemical theoretically in the
water.

• Rapid mixer utilize mechanical mixer are

usually square and have a depth to width ratio
of approximately 2
 11.0 Rapid Mixing

After aeration, the aerated water will flows into rapid mixing tanks. For
effective rapid mixing, the dosing of liquid alum will be positioned just at the
inlet chamber of the mixing tank. The dosing of liquid alum will be
proportioned to the rate of raw water flow.

Signal of raw water flow will be taken from the raw (aerated) water
flowmeter which will be installed at the common raw (aerated) water outlet
pipe in between the aeration tank and the mixing tank.
12.0 Design of Flash Mixer

Flash Mixer Velocity Gradient = 250s-1 to 1000s-1

Adopt

Design Velocity Gradient, G = 400s-1

Retention Time = 90 seconds

Volume = 3500 m3/h x 90s

60 x 60
=
87.5m3
Provide 2 tanks V1 = 43.75m3

Propose Depth = 3.6m

B1 = 3.5m

L = 3.5m

Flocculation

G = P ½
Vμ
Where
P = Power Input

V = Volume of Tank

μ = Absolute viscosity, 0.00086 Ns/m2 at 27oC

P = G2 x Vμ

= (400s-1)2 (44.1) (0.00086 Ns/m2)

= 6,068 watts

= 6.1 kW mixer