CHAPTER – 3

PLANT KINGDOM
PART - 2
 PTERIODOPHYTES
• Horsetails and ferns-Cool, damp, shady places,
• Grow ornamental, soil binders, medicinal properties
• First terrestrial plant have vascular tissue
• Sporophyte is dominant phase- root, stem and leaves
• Small leaves- microphyll (eg) selaginella
• Large leaves – macrophyll (eg) ferns
• Sporophyte bears sporangia
• Sporangia – subtended by leaf –appendages = sporophyll
• Group of sporophyll closely packed = cones/strobili
 PTERIODOPHYTES
• Sporangia have SMC -------- meiosis------ spores ---- gametophyte
• Homosporous: plants with similar kinds of spores
• Heterosporous: plants have dissimilar spores
• Large size (macrospore); small – microspore
• Prothallus : small, multicellular, free living, photosynthetic thalloid
• Prothallus require shady place and water for fertilization, hence
they seen in limited restricted region.
• heterosporous give male and female prothallus
• Female gametophyte retain in sporophyte for significant time
period
 PTERIODOPHYTES
• Antheridia – antherozoids
• Archegonium – egg
• Water mediated fusion within archegonium
• Zygote ---- embryo within female gametophyte
• Precursor for Seed habit (evolutionary view)
 GYMNOSPERMS
• GYMNOS – NAKED; SPERMS – SEED
• Ovules/seeds are not enclosed by ovary wall/cover
• Trees (medium and large) and shrubs
• Sequoia- giant redwood tree; Tap root system
• mycorrhiza (fungi) = Pinus; coralloid root (cynobacteria) = Cycas
• Stem unbranched
• Leaves – simple or compound- well adapted extreme temp.
• Conifers have needle like leaves – reduce surface area; thick
cuticle and sunken stomata – help to reduce water loss
• Heterosporous; porophyllls same or different trees
•
 GYMNOSPERMS- HETEROSPOROUS
• Male strobili/cone Female strobili/cone
• (microsporangiate) (macrosporangiate)
• Microsporophyll megasporophyll
• Microsporangia megasporangia
• Microspores megaspores
• Pollen grain ovule
• (gametophyte) (gametophyte)
 GYMNOSPERMS- HETEROSPOROUS
• Megaspore mother cell ---- meiosis ---- 4 megaspores
• Gametophyte do not have independent and free living
• Gametophyte seen in sporangia ---- sporophytes
• Pollen grain carries by wind and contact with ovule
• Pollen tube enter into the ovule
• Male nuclei + female nuclei = fuse = fertilization
• Zygote ----- embryo;
• ovule --- seed ( not covered)
 ANGIOSPERMS
• FLOWERING PLANTS