BIOSTATISTICS

PRESENTATION

Measures of Central
Tendency

1
 PRESENTED BY
HAJRA MIRZA UMM-E-LAILA
SADIA MUNEER EISHA FATIMA
HOORIYA KHAN SAJID ALI
SANA YASEEN USMAN HAIDER
ABEEHA KHAN MUHAMMAD
ASAD

2
 INTRODUCTION
A measure of central tendency is a descriptive
statistic that describes the average, or typical
value of a set of scores.
A measure of central tendency (also referred to as
measures of center or central location) is a
summary measure that attempts to describe a
whole set of data with a single value that
represents the middle or center of its distribution.

3
 TYPES OF AVERAGES
There are five common measures of central
tendency.
Arithmetic Mean
Median
Mode
Geometric Mean
Harmonic Mean
First three known as primary and last two
known as secondary. 4
 The Mean
X

The mean is sum of all observations divided

by no. of observations.
The mean of a population is represented by
the Greek letter ; the mean of a sample is
represented by X
the arithmetic average of all the scores
(X)/N

5
 The Mean (Arithmetic Mean)
•It is the Arithmetic Average of data values:

x
n
 xi xi  x2      xn
i 1

Sample Mean
n n
•The Most Common Measure of Central Tendency

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14

Mean = 5 Mean = 6
CALCULATING THE MEAN
Calculate the mean of the following data:
1 5 4 3 2
Sum the scores (X):
1 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 = 15
Divide the sum (X = 15) by the number of
scores (N = 5):
15 / 5 = 3
Mean = X = 3
7
 TYPES OF MEAN
There are several types of means, including:
Arithmetic Mean
Geometric Mean (GM)
Harmonic Mean (HM)
Weighted Mean (WM)
Trimmed Mean
Winsorized Mean
Modal Mean
Quadratic Mean (QM)
8
9
 BENEFITS AND
LIMITATIONS OF MEAN
Benefits:
Best measure for symmetrical distribution
Influenced by all data values
Most reliable
Good for interval and ratio data
Limitation:
Mean is very sensitive to outliers or
extreme values in the data 10
 THE MEDIAN
The median is simply another name for the
50th percentile
It is the score in the middle; half of the scores
are larger than the median and half of the scores
are smaller than the median

11
How To Calculate the Median
Conceptually, it is easy to calculate the
median.
Sort the data from highest to lowest or
lowest to highest.
Find the score in the middle
middle = (n+ 1) / 2 th value.

12
 ODD AND EVEN

• If n is odd, the median is the middle

number.
• If n is even, the median is the average of
the 2
middle numbers.

13
 MEDIAN EXAMPLE
What is the median of the following scores:

10 8 14 15 7 3 3 8 12 10 9

Sort the scores:

15 14 12 10 10 9 8 8 7 3 3
Middle score = median = 9
14
 MEDIAN EXAMPLE
What is the median of the following scores:
24 18 19 42 16 12
Sort the scores:
42 24 19 18 16 12
Determine the middle score:
middle = (N + 1) / 2 = (6 + 1) / 2 = 3.5
Median = average of 3rd and 4th scores:
(19 + 18) / 2 = 18.5
15
 BENEFITS AND
LIMITATIONS OF MEDIAN
Benefits:
It is not effected by the outliers or extreme values
in the data set
Most reliable statistical summary
Good for interval and ratio data
It can be use in skewed distributions
Limitation:
It may not be actual observation in the data set
Not useful for further statistical calculations 16
 THE MODE
The mode is the score 6

that occurs most 5

frequently in a set of 4

Frequency
data 3
Unimodal Mode: 2

A unimodal mode is a 1
set of data with 0
only one mode. 75 80 85 90 95
Score on Exam 1

17
BIMODAL DISTRIBUTIONS
When a distribution
has two “modes,” it is
called bimodal

18
 Trimodal Mode
A trimodal mode is a
set of data that has
three modes. This
indicates that the top
three data values have
the most frequency.

19
MULTIMODAL DISTRIBUTIONS

If a distribution has 6

more than 2 “modes,” 5

it is called multimodal 4

Frequency
3

0
75 80 85 90 95
Score on Exam 1

20
 EXAMPLES OF MODE
In the set {2, 3, 3, 4, 5}, the mode is 3 because it appears
more frequently than any other number.
In the set {7, 7, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10}, the mode is 9 because it
appears three times, which is more frequent than any other
number.
In the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, there is no mode because each
number appears only once, and there are no repetitions.
In the set {2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5}, there are two modes: 3 and 4,
because they both appear twice, which is more frequent
than any other number.

21
 BENEFITS AND
LIMITATIONS OF MODE
Benefits:
Mode is used to describe the nominal data where it is
impossible to compute mean or median the model value
will give the summary
When used along with mean and median it helps to depict
the true picture of the data distribution
Limitations:
Data may or may not have model value
Data may have one or more model values and not a good
reliable summary of the data.
22
 When To Use the Mode
The mode is not a very useful measure of central
tendency
It is insensitive to large changes in the data set
That is, two data sets that are very different from each
other can have the same mode
7 120

6 100

5
80
4
60
3
40
2

1 20

0 0 23
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
 When To Use the Mode
The mode is primarily used with nominally
scaled data
It is the only measure of central tendency that is
appropriate for nominally scaled data

24
 Relations Between the Measures
of Central Tendency
In symmetrical
distributions, the median
and mean are equal
For normal distributions,
mean = median = mode
In positively skewed
distributions, the mean is
greater than the median
and mode
In negatively skewed
distributions, the mean is smaller
than the median & mode 25