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Microeconomics Lecture - 5 and 6
Microeconomics Lecture - 5 and 6
Microeconomics Lecture - 5 and 6
Objectives
Market
Demand,
Law of demand,
Demand Curve
Why the demand curve is downward sloping ?
Factors Affecting Demand for Commodity
Movement and Shift on the Demand Curve
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OBJECTIVES
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Market
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Demand
.
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Demand
Individual demand :The quantity of a product
demanded by an individual purchaser at a given price is
known as individual demand.
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Law of demand
The law of demand states that, if all other factors remain equal, the
higher the price of a good, the less people will demand that
good. In other words, the higher the price, the lower the quantity
demanded. It can be inferred that price and quantities are inversely
related. According to Samuelson: "Law of demand states that
people will buy more at lower prices and buy less at higher prices,
(ceteris paribus) other things remaining constant."
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Law of demand
Therefore some factors affecting demand for a
commodity which are considered constant are listed as
follows:
households’ income
number of consumers
DEMAND FUNCTION:
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Demand function
Individual Demand function
Qdx = f(Px, Y, P1……Pn-1, T, A ,Ey, Ep, u)
Where
Qdx= qty demanded for the product X
Px = price of the product
Y = level of household income
P1….Pn-1 = price of all the other related products
T = tastes of the consumer
A = advertising
Ey = consumer‘s expected future income
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Demand function
Ep= consumer‘s expected future price
U= all those determinants that are not covered in the list
determinants
Market Demand function
Qdx = f(Px, Y, P1……Pn-1, T, A ,Ey, Ep, P, D, u)
Qdx,Px,Y,P1…Pn-1,T,A, Ey,Ep,U are the same as the individual
demand function
P = population
D = distribution of consumers in various categories such as
income, age, sex etc.,
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In mathematical notation, the demand function is –
Qd= f(Px), other things are constant.
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Demand Schedule
Demand Schedule:
According to Prof. Marshall, demand schedule is a list of prices
and quantities. It is a tabular statement of price-quantity
relationship between two variables. If we have the different
values of independent variables (price) in a equation then we get
the different values of dependent variables (quantities), which we
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Demand curve
Demand curve is a graphical representation of demand
schedule. A graphical representation showing the
relationship between price and quantity demanded of a
good at a particular point in time is called demand
curve. Joining together the points a, b, c, d, e, will
produce a downward sloping demand curve. The curve
is downward sloping because when the price is too high,
only few consumers that can afford it will buy.
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The demand schedule is
Combinations Prices of Quantity
Oranges. ($. per demanded(in kg)
kg.)
a 5 5
b 4 7
c 3 9
d 2 11
e 1 13
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Demand curve
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SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
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Why the demand curve is downward sloping ?
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Why the demand curve is downward sloping
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Why the demand curve is downward sloping
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Exceptions to law of demand
Some goods which act as status symbol and have a
snob appeal fall under this category. Snob effect is
understood as the desire to possess a unique
commodity having a prestige value.
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Exceptions to law of demand
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Exceptions to law of demand
• Some people start money investment in share market
then many people start following the same without
thinking advantage and disadvantages. This is known
as the bandwagon effect.
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Determinants of demand / Factors Affecting the
Demand Curve
It was mentioned earlier that the demand curve and
demand schedule are constructed based on assumption
of ceteris paribus i.e all things being equal. This implies
that other factors remain (constant) unchanged except
price. Unfortunately this assumption that other factors
remain constant is itself not constant. Note that price is
not the only determinant of quantity demanded.
Demand is also affected by many other factors earlier
mentioned. They shall be discussed under this section
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Determinants of demand
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Determinants of demand
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Determinants of demand
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Movement of the Demand Curve
When there is a change in the quantity demanded of a
particular commodity, because of a change in price,
with other factors remaining constant, there is a
movement of the quantity demanded along the same
curve. The important aspect to remember is that other
factors like the consumer’s income and tastes along
with the prices of other goods, etc. remain constant and
only the price of the commodity changes.
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Movement of the demand curve
In such a scenario, the change in price affects the
quantity demanded but the demand follows the same
curve as before the price changes. This is Movement of
the Demand Curve. The movement can occur either in
an upward or downward direction along the demand
curve.
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The shift of the Demand Curve
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The shift of the Demand Curve
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Effect of a change in consumer’s income on the quantity
demanded.
5 10 (A) 15 (A1)
4 15 (B) 20 (B1)
3 20 (C) 25 (C1)
2 35 (D) 40 (D1)
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The demanded quantities are plotted as demand curves DD and
D’D’ as shown below:
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SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
Discuss other factors that can affect quantity
demanded aside price of a product and state simple
demand equation.
Thanks
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