Distillation

Presented by: Tehreem Rasool

B.ed(1.5) 3rd Semester

 01 Defination

02 Principle and types

CONTENTS
03 History

04 Applications
• What is Boiling Point?
• What is Boiling point of water?
• Do you know any technique based on
boiling point.
 Distillation
Distillation is a process used to separate or purify liquids based on differences in
their boiling points.
Principle
Distillation leverages the fact that different substances in a mixture boil at different
temperatures. By carefully heating the mixture, components with lower boiling
points vaporize first.The vapor produced is then cooled in a condenser, where it
condenses back into a liquid. This liquid, now purer in one of the components, is
collected separately.
 History
The technique of distillation has been known and practiced for thousands of years, with its
development intertwined with the history of chemistry and alchemy.
Early Evidence:
Distillation's roots can be traced back to ancient civilizations. The earliest distillation pots date to
around 3000 BC in the Indus Valley civilization. However, these were not used to distill alcohol but
likely for making perfumes and aromatics.
Greek Influence:
The Greeks furthered distillation technology, most notably through the works of Alexander of
Aphrodisias (2nd/3rd century AD), who described the distillation of sea water to obtain fresh water.
Arab Alchemists:
The practice and technique of distillation were significantly advanced by Arab and Persian chemists
during the Islamic Golden Age (8th to 14th centuries). Notable figures like Al-Razi (Rhazes) and Ibn
Sina (Avicenna) made substantial contributions, including improvements to distillation apparatus and
processes.
Spread to Europe:
Knowledge of distillation spread to Europe through translations of Arabic texts. During the 12th
century, the technique became more widely known, and by the 15th century, it became a standard
practice in alchemy.
Types

• Simple Distillation
• Steam Distillation.

• Vacuum Distillation.

• Fractional Distillation.

• Azeotropic Distillation.

• Extractive Distillation.
 Overview

Steam In this process, steam is Vacuum This type of distillation is used

Distillation introduced to the mixture to heat Distillation when the boiling point of the
the liquid mixture, which will product is difficult to achieve or
increase the vapor pressure of the will cause the substance to
components decompose

This is the basic

type of distillation
process in which a

Fractional This is used when the boiling Simple liquid mixture is

points of the components of a
Distillation mixture are close to each Distillation heated until the
substance with a
other lower boiling point
starts vaporizing
Working
 Which among the following will distills
first?
A.Ethanol (C2H5OH): Boiling point is 78.37°C.
B.Methanol (CH3OH): Boiling point is 64.7°C.
C.Acetone ((CH3)2CO): Boiling point is 56.05°C.
D.Cyclohexane (C6H12): Boiling point is 80.73°C.
Predict distillation order of above.
 Applications
Scientific Uses
Distillation is used regularly in chemical and
pharmaceutical research, quality assurance
testing for many consumer products, and law
enforcement forensics.
Water Purification
Distillation is used to remove minerals and
other impurities from water. It is commonly
used in steam irons, cigar humidors, and in the
preparation of baby formula. Desalination
plants also use distillation to turn seawater into
drinking water
Alcoholic Beverages
Distillation is used to produce a variety of
alcoholic beverages, such as whiskey, rum, and
brandy. The process purifies and concentrates the
ethanol produced from the fermentation of fruit
and plant materials.
Perfume
One of the earliest uses of distilling was to
make perfume. The aroma from various
plants and herbs is contained in what are
known as essential oils, which can be
extracted through distillation
 What If

Two liquids have nearly equal

boiling points.
Summarize
THANK YOU