RECAP

2 main factors that causes significant change in

the properties of nanomaterials from their bulk
counterpart;

Increase surface area to volume ratio

Quantum effect

Enhance properties such as strength, reactivity,

electrical, optical, mechanical and etc.
 Special feature of nanoparticles
• Quantum confinement effects
• This effect is mainly pronounced only when the
particle size is very small
• Range of 1-10 nm
• Occurs mostly in solid materials (semiconductor
nanoparticles), liquid thin films.
Orbital
Energy
Levels and
Light
Absorption
• When the size of the
particle becomes
that much smaller to
be comparable to
the wavelength
of electron.
Wavelength of electron?
BigBlueButton in-class activity in Putrablast
 The de Broglie relation
• In any wave, the distance from one crest to the
next is called the wavelength. The wavelength
is usually denoted by the symbol λ

• Electron waves can also have any wavelength λ.

• this wavelength depends on how
much momentum the electron carries.

https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/mathur.16/quantummechanics27-11-
17/qm1.2/qm1.2.html
 p = mv
λ=h/p

de Broglie relation,
λ is called the de Broglie
wavelength of the
electron.
What is the wavelength
of photon and electron?
BigBlueButton in-class activity in Putrablast
Color
• Colored compounds have electronic absorptions in the
visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Is usually associated with extended conjugation.
• Color we see is the complement of the LIGHT
WAVELENGTH absorbed.
absorptions electronic transitions
Color
• Colored compounds have electronic absorptions in the
visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Is usually associated with extended conjugation.
• Color we see is the complement of the LIGHT
WAVELENGTH absorbed.
• Since optical transitions are vertical in nature,
so the absorption at the indirect gap will be
weak and transitions at the direct gap will
dominate the absorption spectrum.
• The effect due to which the band gap energy
of nanoparticles increases upon reduction of
particle size is known as quantum confinement
effect.
• Confinement : to confine the motion of
randomly moving electron to restrict its motion
of randomly moving electron (discreteness).
Size of a particle decrease till we reach a nano scale, the decrease
in confining dimension makes the energy levels discrete and this
increases or widens up the band gap and ultimately the bandgap
of energy also increases.
Size of a particle decrease till we reach a nano scale, the decrease
in confining dimension makes the energy levels discrete and this
increases or widens up the band gap and ultimately the bandgap
of energy also increases.
• Since optical transitions are vertical in nature,
so the absorption at the indirect gap will be
weak and transitions at the direct gap will
dominate the absorption spectrum.
• The effect due to which the band gap energy
of nanoparticles increases upon reduction of
particle size is known as quantum confinement
effect.
• Confinement : to confine the motion of
randomly moving electron to restrict its motion
of randomly moving electron (discreteness).
In these materials, quantum confinement effects originate when a
critical threshold size is reached (due to the restriction of charge
carrier motion to a small volume).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/quantum-confinement-effect
Quantum confinement effects
• Quantum confinement effects describe electrons in
terms of energy levels, potential wells, valence
bands, conduction bands, and electron energy
band gaps.
• The quantum confinement effect is observed when the
size of the particle is too small to be comparable to
the wavelength of the electron.
• the confinement of an electron and hole in
nanocrystals significantly depends on the material
properties, namely, on the Bohr radius.
 Quantum Confinement

Optical quantum confinement and photocatalytic properties in two-, one- and zero-dimensional nanostructures, Volume: 5, Issue: 9, DOI: (10.1098/rsos.180387)
 Quantum Effects
• The bulk properties of materials often change
dramatically when reduced to nanoscale
dimensions.
• Starting roughly at 100 nanometers and below,
materials break a size barrier below which
quantization of energy for the electrons in solids
becomes relevant.
• As things smaller and smaller, you eventually reach a
point where the averaging no longer works and you
have to deal with the specific behavior of individual
atoms or molecules
 Quantum Effects
• describes the physics of electron properties in solids with great
reductions in particle size.
• dominate the behavior of matter at the nanoscale! (esp below
100 nm)
• affecting the optical, electrical and magnetic behavior of
materials
 opaque substances become transparent (copper);
 inert materials become catalysts (platinum);
 stable materials turn combustible (aluminum);
 solids turn into liquids at room temperature (gold);
 insulators become conductors (silicon).
The fascination with nanotechnology stems from these unique
quantum and surface phenomena that matter exhibits at the
nanoscale, making possible novel applications and interesting
materials.
 SUMMARY
Analyze the nanomaterials classification

Describe the surface phenomena and

quantum effects
Explain the importance of
surface to volume ratio