HYPERSENSITIVIT

Y
DR. R. SINDHUJA
FIRST YEAR PG
DEPARTMENT OF ORAL MEDICINE
AND RADIOLOGY.
18.05.2023
INTRODUCTION

Hypersensitivity is an exagerrated immune response.

Results in tissue damage and manifested in the individual on second or

subsequent contact with an antigen.

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 Classification :

Immediate
anaphylaxis
atopy
antibody mediated cell damage
arthus phenomenon.

Delayed
infection typr
contact dermatitis.

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GELL AND COMBS
CLASSIFICATION:

Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Type V

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 IMMEDIATE
DELAYED
•Appears and recedes rapidly.
•Induced by antigens or haptens by
any route.
•Circulating antibodies present and
responsible for reaction “ antibody
mediated reaction”
•Passive transfer possible with serum. •Cannot be transfer by serum but with T
•Desensitisation is easy but short
lived.
vs
•Appears slowly and lasts longer.
•Antigen or hapten intrdermally or with
Freund’s adjuvant or by skin contact.
•Circulating antibodies may be absent and
responsible for reaction “ cell mediated
reaction”
lympocyte or with transfer factor is
possible. Desensitization is difficult but long
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 “
▸ GELL AND COMBS
CLASSIFICATION :

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 TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY

ETIOLOGY:
Type I reaction is mediated by humoral antibodies of
IgE type or reagin antibodies in response to antigen. Although
definite cause for this form of immediate reaction to allergen is
not known, following are the possible
hypotheses:

• Genetic basis
• Environmental pollutants
• Concomitant factors
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EXAMPLES OF TYPE I REACTION.

The manifestations of type I reaction may be variable in severity

and intensity.

It may manifest as a local irritant (skin, nose, throat, lungs

etc), or sometimes may be severe and life-threatening
Anaphylaxis (sysytemic).

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 TYPE II HYPERSENSITIVITY

ETIOLOGY:
Type II reactions have participation by complement
system, tissue macrophages, platelets, natural killer cells, neutrophils
and eosinophils while main antibodies are IgG and IgM.

Type II hypersensitivity is tissue-specific and reaction occurs

after antibodies bind to tissue specific antigens, most often on blood
cells.

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EXAMPLES OF TYPE II REACTION.

Type II reaction are mainly on blood cells and some other

body cells and tissues.

• Cytotoxic antibodies to blood cells.

• Cytotoxic antibodies to tissue components.

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 TYPE III HYPERSENSITIVITY

ETIOLOGY:

Type III reaction is not tissue specific and occurs when antigen
antibody complexes fail to get removed by the body’s immune
system.

There can be 3 types of possible etiologic factors precipitating type

III reaction:

• Persistence of low grade microbial infection.

• Extrinsic environmental antigen.
• Auto immune process.
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EXAMPLES OF TYPE III REACTION.

Common examples of cell injury by type III injury are:

• Immune complex glomerulonephritis.

• Goodpasture syndrome
• Systemic lupus erythematosis
• Wegener’s granulomatosis
• Rheumatoid arthritis.
• Farmer’s lung.

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 TYPE IV HYPERSENSITIVITY

ETIOLOGY:

Type IV reaction involves role of mast cells and basophils,

macrophages and CD8+ T cells

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EXAMPLES OF TYPE IV REACTION.

• Reaction against mycobacterial infection e.g. tuberculin

reaction, granulomatous reaction in tuberculosis, leprosy.

• Reaction against virally infected cells.

• Reaction against malignant cells in the body.

• Reaction against organ transplantation e.g. transplant

rejection, graft versus host reaction.

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 “
▸ PATHOGENESIS OF VARIOUS
TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY
REACTIONS .

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THANK YOU!!!