University of south asia

Department of pharmacy

Presented to:

DR.Najeeb-ullah
 Topic:

“Hormones”
Presented by:
 Group: G
 Asad Rasheed
 Husnain Furqan
 Rizwan Saif
 Ahsan Ali
 Zeeshan Ali
 Ahmad Sheraz
INTRODUCTION:

Mechanism Hormone, Physiological Role Of

Various Hormones, Site Of Synthesis ,target Site
Of Hormone
Introduction

Hormones play a crucial role in regulating

various physiological processes in the body.

They are chemical messengers produced by

endocrine glands.

Hormones act on specific target tissues to elicit

a response.

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Mechanism of Hormone Action

Hormones bind to specific receptors

on target cells.

This binding triggers a series of

intracellular events.

The ultimate response of the target

cell is determined by the hormone-
receptor complex.

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Classification of Hormones
Hormones can be classified as
peptide, steroid, or amine
hormones.

Peptide hormones are derived

from amino acids.

Steroid hormones are derived

from cholesterol.

3
Peptide Hormones

Peptide hormones include insulin,

growth hormone, and oxytocin.

They are synthesized in the rough

endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi
apparatus of endocrine cells.

Peptide hormones act through cell

surface receptors and second
messenger systems.

4
Steroid Hormones

Steroid hormones include cortisol,

estrogen, and testosterone.

They are synthesized in the smooth

endoplasmic reticulum and
mitochondria of endocrine cells.

Steroid hormones diffuse across the

cell membrane and act on intracellular
receptors.

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Amine Hormones

Amine hormones include epinephrine,

norepinephrine, and dopamine.

They are synthesized from the amino

acid tyrosine.

Amine hormones act through cell

surface receptors and intracellular
signaling pathways.

6
Site of Synthesis - Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland synthesizes and

secretes hormones that regulate
various endocrine glands.

It is divided into the anterior and

posterior pituitary lobes.

Hormones produced by the pituitary

gland include growth hormone,
prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating
hormone.
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Target Site of Hormone - Thyroid Hormones

Thyroid hormones are produced by

the thyroid gland.

They target various tissues in the

body, including the heart, brain, and
skeletal muscles.

Thyroid hormones regulate

metabolism and energy balance.

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Site of Synthesis - Adrenal Glands

The adrenal glands produce hormones

such as cortisol, aldosterone, and
adrenaline.

They are located on top of the

kidneys.

The adrenal cortex synthesizes steroid

hormones, while the adrenal medulla
produces catecholamines.

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Target Site of Hormone - Cortisol

Cortisol targets liver cells to stimulate

gluconeogenesis.

It also acts on adipose tissue to

promote lipolysis.

Cortisol plays a key role in the body's

response to stress.

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Site of Synthesis - Pancreas

The pancreas synthesizes hormones

such as insulin and glucagon.

Islets of Langerhans within the

pancreas are responsible for hormone
production.

Insulin is produced by beta cells,

while glucagon is produced by alpha
cells.

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Target Site of Hormone - Insulin

Insulin targets muscle, liver, and

adipose tissues.

It promotes glucose uptake and

storage in these tissues.

Insulin helps regulate blood glucose

levels.

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 Site of Synthesis - Gonads
The gonads, including the ovaries and
testes, produce sex hormones such as
estrogen and testosterone.

These hormones play a crucial role in

reproductive function and secondary
sexual characteristics.

Estrogen is predominantly produced

in the ovaries, while testosterone is
primarily synthesized in the testes.

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 Target Site of Hormone - Estrogen

Estrogen targets various tissues in the

body, including the uterus and breasts.

It promotes the development of

secondary sexual characteristics in
females.

Estrogen also plays a role in the

menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

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Site of Synthesis - Kidneys

The kidneys produce hormones

such as erythropoietin and
calcitriol.

Erythropoietin stimulates red

blood cell production in the bone
marrow.

Calcitriol regulates calcium and

phosphorus metabolism.

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Target Site of Hormone - Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin targets bone marrow

cells to increase red blood cell
production.

It is released in response to low

oxygen levels in the blood.

Erythropoietin plays a key role in

maintaining oxygen delivery to
tissues.

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Thank
Thank you
you