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B I O M O L E C U L E N
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B I O M O L E C U L E N
 Biomolecules
 Organic molecules produced by
living organisms
 Consist mainly of the elements
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen (C,H,O,N)
 Categorized into 4 classes
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic acids
 Note-taking Tips

Biomolecule Element Example Building Source

Content clock
 CARBOHYDRATES
1. Carbohydrates
 The simplest biomolecules
 Contain 3 elements:
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Example: polysaccharide
 Building block: monosaccharide
 Carbohydrates aka…

Sugar

Starch
Carbs
 Structure

Sugar
Many

Polysaccharide
 Starch
 Long chains of simpler sugars joined together
 These big molecules are called macromolecules
 Also called polysaccharides or polymers
 Slower to break down in the body & provide energy for a
longer period of time than regular sugars.
 Cellulose
 Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose.
 Made from chains of thousands of glucose molecules, but the difference
is in how they’re linked.
 your body cannot digest cellulose the same way it can starches &
sugars.
 Structure
Sugar
Two

Di saccharide
 Structure

Sugar
One

Monosaccharide
Examples of Simple Sugars
 Sugar
 Break down quickly in the body
 Provide a quick burst of energy or a “sugar
rush”
 Glucoseis the most important & simplest
sugar on Earth.
 Used in cells & created by photosynthesis
 It comes in many forms
 Function of Carbohydrates
 Serve 2 main functions:
1. Source of chemical energy for cells in many living
things.
2. Part of the structural material of plants
 Proteins aka….

Whey
Protein

Meat

Polypeptide
Peanut
butter
Function of Proteins
 Provides us with building blocks
for life!
 Also regulate most functions in a
cell.
 Building Blocks : Amino Acid
 Glycoproteins (antigens)
 Combines w/DNA to form
chromosomes
 Antibodies (fights disease)
Function of Proteins
 Provides structure & strength
(fibers)
 Transports molecules in &
out cells
 Hemoglobin (transports O 2)
 Enzymes (speeds up rxns)-
has –ase suffix
 Acts as hormones (insulin)-
many proteins have suffix of
-in
LIPIDS
Lipids include:
Fats
Oils
Most lipids are made of just carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
But unlike carbohydrates, fats are more complex & take
much longer to break down.
So, fats are high-energy molecules that plants and animals
use to store energy in reserves for longer periods.
 Breaks down into
microscopic molecules
Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
 LOOK FOR THE “E”
Monomer:
3 fatty acids + glycerol
 Saturated and Unsaturated
 Saturated fats
 only single bonds in the carbon
chain
 Most animal fats
 “bad” fats
 Diets high in saturated fat are
linked to heart disease

 Unsaturated fats
 one or more double bonds in the
carbon chain
 Most oils from plants
 “good” fats
 Fat Examples
Saturated Fats

Unsaturated Fats
 Function
 Made mainly of carbon and hydrogen
(few oxygen)
 Fat best method of STORING
 forms cell membranes
 Insulates body (maintains homeostasis)
 Nucleic Acids
 Contains C, H, O, N, P
 Ex: DNA/RNA
 Bldg. Block: NUCLEOTIDES
 Nucleotides consist of 3 parts:
1. 5-Carbon Sugar
2. Phosphate Group
3. Nitrogenous Base
 Nucleotide: Nitrogen Bases
 5 types
 Cytosine
 Guanine
 Adenine
 Thymine (in DNA only)

In DNA:
 Uracil (in RNA only)
In RNA:
C-G
C-G
A-T
 Nucleotides:
5-carbon sugar and phosphate group
 2 types of sugars
 Ribose (in RNA only)
 Deoxyribose (in DNA
deoxyribose ribose only)
 Phosphate group
 Contains phosphorus &
oxygen
 Function
Polypeptide: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
 contains the genetic code
 stores
& transmit
heredity/genetic information
 foundin the nucleus
(mitochondria)
 Double stranded (double helix)
 Function
Polypeptide: RNA (ribonucleic acid)
 Carries info from DNA to
cell
 Helps in protein synthesis
 found in ribosomes &
nucleoli
 Single stranded
 Polypeptide: ATP
 Contains
adenine, ribose sugar,
3 phosphates
 Stores and releases energy
Concept
Section 2-3 Map

Carbon
Compounds
include

that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain which contain

 Concept Map
Section 2-3

Carbon
Compounds
include

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of

Sugars and
Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
starches
which contain which contain which contain which contain

Carbon, Carbon, Carbon,hydrogen, Carbon,

hydrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen,oxygen,
oxygen oxygen phosphorus nitrogen,
Which biomolecule has the
most energy!?
The number of C-H bonds =
the amount of energy
The more C-H bonds a biomolecule
has, the more energy it has!
Fats have the most energy because
they have the most C-H bonds!
 CHALLENGE!
 Which popular plant process forms
glucose? Photosynthesis
 Which elements form a glucose molecule?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
 Whatis the molecular formula for
glucose?
C6H12O6