DC MACHINES

Introduction to DC Motor
 Basic Operation of DC Motor

• A DC motor is an electric motor that

runs on direct current power.
• A current carrying conductor generates
a magnetic field, when this is then
placed in an external magnetic field, it
will encounter a force proportional to the
current in the conductor and to the
strength of the external magnetic field.
• Motor is a device which converts
electrical energy to mechanical energy.
It works on the fact that a current
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic
field experiences a force which causes
it to rotate with respect to its original
position.
• Practical DC Motor consists of field
windings to provide the magnetic flux
and armature which acts as the
conductor.
Fleming’s left-hand and right-hand rules
Construction of Practical DC Motor
Construction of Practical DC Motor Cont’
Construction of Practical DC Motor Cont’

Stator winding Rotor/armature winding

Construction of Practical DC Motor Cont’

Connect to load

shaft shaft

DC motor
DC Motor Winding

2 types of DC motor windings:

At rotor

At stator
DC Motor Winding Cont’
DC Motor Winding Cont’
Principle Of Operation
Generated EMF  Faraday’s Law states that: - when a current passes
through a coil, flux will be induced around the coil.
• As the rotor/armature rotates, its winding will cut the flux
causing emf to be generated (i.e. induced voltage) given
by:

Zp 2N
EMFgen  N  k g   rad / s
60c 60

Z = No of conductors in the armature

circuit
p = No of poles
c = No of parallel path @ no of current
path
= 2 for wave-winding
= p for lap-winding
N = Speed of armature rotation (rpm)
Φ = Useful flux per pole (Wb)
Example 1
A 12-pole dc generator has a simplex wave wound armature containing of 2880
conductors. Its flux per pole is 0.05 Wb. The armature is turning at a speed of 200
rpm.
i.) How many current paths are there in this machine? (ans: c=2)
ii.) What is the generated armature voltage of this machine?(ans: Eg=2880V)
iii.) What is the generated voltage if the machine now has lap winding?(ans: c=12,
Eg=480V)
Type of DC Motor

To control amount of IF
Type of DC Motor Cont’
(have compensating/interpole winding)
Type of DC Motor Cont’

Separately excited DC motor

Series DC motor
Type of DC Motor Cont’

Shunt DC Motor

Compound DC Motor
Example 2
If the no-load voltage of a separately excited generator is 135V at 850 rpm, what will
be the voltage if the speed is increased to 1000rpm? Assume constant field
excitation.(ans: Eg=158.5V)
Power in DC Motor

Stray load losses are basically the losses which are caused by Windage losses refers to the losses sustained by
variation in load but their values cannot be determined a machine due to the resistance offered by air to
accurately at any point of time. the rotation of the shaft.
Power in DC Motor cont’

Pconverted = developed mechanical power

Pμ=Friction power loss

Power in DC Motor cont’

Pμ=rotational loss
DC Motor Torque
Efficiency

Speed Regulation
Example 3
A 150V shunt motor has the following parameters:-
Ra = 0.50Ω Rf = 150Ω rotational loss = 250 W
On full-load, the line current is 19.5A and the motor runs at 1400 rpm. Determine:
a) The developed power (ans: Pm=2603.9 W)
b) The output power (ans: Pout=2353.9 W)
c) The output torque (ans: Tout=16.1Nm)
d) The efficiency at full-load (ans:η=80.5%)
Q4b DEC2018

Q4b JAN 2018

Q5 JUN 2015
Q4a EPO460 JUN 2015

Ans: (ii)206.35Nm (iv) 17618W,197.9 Nm, 89.5% (v)4.58%

Starting of DC Motor
Starting of DC Motor Cont’

Consider , for example the 50hp,250V motor has armature resistance of

0.06ohms and full load current less than 200A.

Ia=(VT – Ea )/Ra
=( 250-0 )/0.06
=4167A

This current is over 20 times the motor’s rated full-load current.

Therefore, it can blow fuses and disconnecting itself from
supply!
 DC Motor Speed Control

1. Armature resistance control- Adding a resistor in series with the armature

2. Field control - by changing the flux

3.Terminal voltage control - by changing the terminal voltage of the motor.

DC Motor Speed Control Cont’

R Ia but loss & motor speed

DC Motor Speed Control Cont’

R If & magnetic flux & motor speed

DC Motor Speed Control Cont’
DC Motor Speed Control Cont’

It is a basic armature control method. This control system is consisting of a DC Motor, M 1 and
powered by a DC generator ,G. In this method the speed of the DC motor (M 1) is controlled by
applying variable voltage across its armature. This variable voltage is obtained using a motor-
generator set which consists of a motor M 2 (either AC or DC motor) directly coupled with the
generator G.
DC Motor Speed Control Cont’

b) Solid-state Speed Control

Motor-generator set in Ward-Leonard system are replaced by solid state

converters to control DC motor speed. The converters used are chopper (in case
of DC) or controlled rectifiers (in case of AC supply)