COMPARISONS

CHAPTER: 9
 MEMBER OF GROUP 5

Ardini Khoirunisah Puji Lestari

NIM: 205210025 NIM: 205210008

Lili Rahmawati Umi Muabidah

NIM: 205210018 NIM: 205210020
 CONTENTS

9-1 Making comparisons with as…as
9-2 Comparative and superlative
9-3 Comparative and superlative forms of
adjectives and adverbs
9-4 Completing a comparative
9-5 Modifying comparatives
9-6 Comparisons with less…than and not as…as
9-7 Unclear comparisons
9-8 Using more with nouns
9-9 Repeating a comparative
9-10 Using double comparatived
9-11 Using superlatives
9-12 Using the same, similar, different, like,
alike
 Defenition: Comparison is a morphological
feature of several languages that describes the
comparison of an adjective or adverb by changing
the form of the word.
 9-1 MAKING COMPARISONS WITH AS…AS

As…as is used to say that die two parts of a comparison are equal or the same in some way.

as + adjective + as as + adverb + as Negative form: not as…as

Tina is 21 years old. (b) Mike came as (c) Ted is 20. Tina is 21.
Sam is also 21. quickly as he Ted is not as old as Tina.
(a) Tina is as old as could. (d) Ted isn’t quite as old as Tina.
Sam. (e) Amy is 5. She isn’t nearly as old as Tina.

Common modifiers of as…as are:

(f) Sam is just as old as Tina.
(g) Ted is nearlyalmost as old as Tina.
 9-2 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

The comparative compares this to that or these to those.

Form: -er or more. (A comparative is followed by than.)
(a) “A” is older than “B”.
(b) “A” and “b” are older than “C” and “D”.
(c) Ed is more generous than his brother.

The superlative compares one part of a whole group to all the rest of the group.
Form: -est or most. (A superlative begins with the)
(d) “A”, “B”, “C” and “D” are sisters. “A” is the oldest of all four sisters.
(e) A woman in Turkey claims to be the oldest person in the world.
(f) Ed is the most generous person in his family.
 9-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS
OF ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB

COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
For most
ONE old older the oldest one-syllable
SYLLABLE adjectives,-er
ADJECTIVES and -est are
wise wiser the wisest added.
famous more famous the most famous For most two-
syllable
TWO
adjectives,
SYLLABLE
pleasant more pleasant the most pleasant more and
ADJECTIVES
most are
added.
 COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

-er and -est are

busy busier the busiest used with two-
syllables adjectives
that and in -y. The
pretty prettier the prettiest –y is changed to -i.
TWO
SYLLABLE cleverer the cleverest
clever
ADJECTIVES more clever the most clever
Some two-syllable
gentler the gentlest adjectives use
gentle
more gentle the most gentle either -er/-est or
more/most.
friendlier the friendliest
friendly
more friendly the most friendly
 COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
ADJECTIVES important more important the most important
WITH More and most
THREE OR are used with
MORE fascinating more fascinating the most fascinating long adjective.
SYLLABLES
good better the best Good and bad
IRREGULER have irreguler
ADJECTIVES comparative and
bad worst the worst
superlative form.
 COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
carefully more carefully the most carefully More and most
-LY are used with
ADVERBS slowly more slowly the most slowly adverbs than
and in -ly.
fast faster the fastest The -er and -est
ONE-
forms are used
SYLLABEL
hard harder the harder with one
ADVERBS
syllabel-adverbs.
well better the best
IRREGULER
badly worst the worst
ADVERBS
far farmer/further the farthest/furthest
 9-4 COMPLETING A COMPARATIVE

In formal English, a subject pronoun follows
than, as in (b). In everyday, informal spoken
English, an object pronoun often follows
than, as in (c).
(a) I’m older than my brother (is).
(b) I’m older than he is.
(c) I’m older than him. (informal)
Frequently an auxiliary verb follows the
subject after than.
In (d): than I do= than I work.
(d) He works harder than I do
(e) I arrived earlier than they did.

A possesive noun or pronoun may follow than.

(f) Ann’s hair is longer than Kate’s.
(g) Jack’s apartment is smaller than mine.
 9-5 MODIFYING COMPARATIVES

Very often modifies adjectives, as in (a), and
adverbs, as in (b).
(a) Tom is very old.
(b) Ann drives very carefully
Instead much, a lot, or far are used to
modify comparative adjectives and adverbs,
as in (d) and (e).
(d) Tom is much / a lot/ far older than I am.
(e) Ann drives much / a lot / far more
carefully than she used to.

Very is NOT used to modify comparative Another common modifier is a little / a little
adjectives and adverbs. bit, as in (f).
(c) Incorrect : Tom is very older than I am. (f) Ben is a little (bit) older than I am / OR
Incorrect : Ann drives very more (informally) me.
carefully than she used to.
 9-6 COMPARISONS WITH LESS…THAN AND
NOT AS…AS

The opposite of -er / more is expressed by less or not as…as. (a) and (b) have the
same meaning. Less and not as…as are used with adjectives and adverbs of more
than one syllable.
(a) A pen is less expensive than a book.
(b) A pen is not as expensive as a book.

Only not as…as (NOT less) is used with one-syllable adjectives or adverbs, as in (c).
(c) A pen is not as large as a book.
(d) Incorrect: A pen is less large than a book.
 9-7 UNCLEAR COMPARISONS

UNCLEAR Sometimes it is necessary to complete the

(a) Ann likes her dog better than her idea following than in order to make a
husband. comparison clear.

CLEAR
(b) Ann likes her dog better than her In (b): does means “likes the dog”.
husband does. In (c): does means “like”.
(c) Ann likes her dog better than she does
her husband.
 9-8 USING MORE WITH NOUNS

In (a): coffee is a noun. When more is used with ouns, it often has the meaning of
additional. It is not necessary to use than.
(a) Would you like some more coffee?
(b) Not everyone is here. I expect more people to come later.

More is also used with nouns to make complete comparisons by adding than.
(c) There are more people in China than there are in the United States.

When the meaning is clear, the noun may be omitted and more used by itself.
(d) Do you have enough coffee or would you like some more?
 9-9 USING MORE WITH NOUNS

Repeating a comparative gives the idea that something becomes progressively

greater, i.e., it increases in intensity, quality or quantity.
(a) Because he was afraid, he walked faster and faster.
(b) Life in the modern world is becoming more and more complex.
 9-10 USING DOUBLE COMPARATIVES
(a) The harder you study, the more you will
learn.
(b) The more she studied, the more she
learned.
(c) The warmer the weather (is), the better I
like it.
(d) A: Should we ask Jenny and Jim to the
party too?
B: Why not? The more, the merrier.
(e) A: When should we leave?
B: The sooner, the better.
A double comparative has two parts;both parts
begin with the, as in the examples. The second
part of the comparison is the result of the first
part.
In (a): If you study harder, the result will be
that you will learn more.
The more, the merrier and the sooner, the
better are two common expressions.
In (d): It is good to have more people at the
party.
In (e): It is good if we as soon as we can.
 9-11 USING SUPERLATIVES
Typical completions when a superlative is
used:
In (a): superlative + in a place.
In (b): superlative + adjective clause.
In (c): superlative + of all.
(a) Tokyo is one of the largest cities in the
world.
(d) David is the most generous person I
have ever known.
(c) I have three books. These two are quite
good, but this one is the best (book) of all.
The least has the opposite meaning of the
most.
(d) I took four final exams. The final in
accounting was the least difficult of all.
Notice the pattern with one of:
One of + PLURAL noun (+singular
verb)
(e) Ali is one of the best students in this
class.
(f) One of the best students in this class
is Ali.
 9-12 USING THE SAME, SIMILAR, DIFFERENT,
LIKE, ALIKE
(a) Jhon and Mary have the same books.
(b) Jhon and Mary have similar books.
The same, similar, and different are
(c) Jhon and Mary have different books.
used as adjectives.
(d) Their books are the same.
Notice: the always precedes same.
(e) Their books are similar.
(f) Their books are different.
(g) This book is the same as that one. Notice: the same is followed by as;
(h) This book is similar to that one. similar is followed by to;
(i) This book is different from that one different is followed by from.
(j) She is the same age as my mother. A noun may come between the same
My shoes are the same size as yours and as, as in (j).
 Notice is (k) and (l):
(k) My pen is like your pen.
Noun+be like+noun
(l) My pen and your pen are alike.
Noun and noun+be alike
(m) She looks like her sister.
It looks like rain.
It sounds like thunder. In additon to following be, like, also follows
This material feels like silk. certain verbs, primarily those dealing with the
That smells like gas. senses.
This cemical tastes like salt. Notices the examples in (m).
Stop acting like a fool.
He seems like a nice fellow.
(n) The twins look alike.
We think alike.
Alike may follow a few verbs other than be.
Most four-years-olds act alike.
Notice the examples in (n).
My sister and I talk alike.
The little boys are dressed alike.
THANK YOU!
Do you have any questions?

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