Determine the properties of water at T= 150C

and P=100kPa
From Table A1, At 150C, Psat = 0.47616MPa=
476.16kPa, Since P=100kPa<476.16kPa or
P<Psat, then water at this state is a superheated
vapour,
From Superheated table(A2).
Ideal Gas
• Thermodynamic tables provide very accurate
information about the properties, but they are
bulky and vulnerable to typographical errors.
A more practical and desirable approach
would be to have some simple relations
among the properties that are sufficiently
general and accurate.
• Any equation that relates the pressure,
temperature, and specific volume of a
substance is called an equation of state
• The simplest and best-known equation of state for
substances in the gas phase is the ideal-gas
equation of state.
• This equation predicts the P-v-T behavior of a gas
quite accurately within some properly selected
region.
• Pv = RT is called the ideal-gas equation of state,
or simply the ideal-gas relation, and a gas that
obeys this relation is called an ideal gas. In this
equation, P is the absolute pressure, T is the
absolute temperature, and v is the specific
volume
 P v = RT or PV = mRT

• It approximates the P-v-T behaviour of a gas at

high temperatures and low pressures in the
superheated vapour region.
• ideal-gas relation given closely approximates the
P-v-T behavior of real gases at low densities.
• At low pressures and high temperatures, the
density of a gas decreases, and the gas behaves
as an ideal gas under these conditions
Compressibility Factor: A measure of deviation
From ideal-gas behaviour
• When a gas is at a state near the saturation
region or its critical point, the gas behaviour
deviates from the ideal gas model significantly.

• This deviation from ideal-gas behavior at a

given temperature and pressure can
accurately be accounted for by the
introduction of a correction factor called the
compressibility factor Z
• Z=1(Ideal gas)
Compressibility Factor Z=Pv/RT
• It can also be expressed as

Where
• For real gases Z can be greater than or less
than unity. The farther away Z is from unity,
the more the gas deviates from ideal-gas
behavior.
• What constitute low pressure and high
temperature?
• Is -100°C a low temperature? It definitely is for most
substances but not for air. Air (or nitrogen) can be
treated as an ideal gas at this temperature and
atmospheric pressure with an error under 1 percent.

• This is because nitrogen is well over its critical

temperature (-147°C) and away from the saturation
region. At this temperature and pressure, however,
most substances would exist in the solid phase.
Therefore, the pressure or temperature of a
substance is high or low relative to its critical
temperature or pressure
• Gases behave differently at a given temperature
**

and pressure, but they behave very much the same

at temperatures and pressures normalized with
respect to their critical temperatures and
pressures. The normalization is done as

• Here PR is called the reduced pressure and TR the

reduced temperature. The Z factor for all gases is
approximately the same at the same reduced
pressure and temperature
• The equation of state
PV = RT (ideal) ...
An internal energy that is a function of
temperature only
U = U(T) (ideal gas)
Equations For Process Calculations For Ideal Gases
• It has been noted earlier that very common
parameters required in any process are heat
and work.
• Further, for a mechanically reversible closed
system process
dW = - PdV …… 19
And for an ideal gas
dQ + dW = CVdT ……….17, 28
With

dQ = CVdT + …68
Substituting …68 into …17,

dW = - RT …. 69

With
dQ = Cp dT - …. 70

and dW = - R dT + RT …. 71

with
work is simply
dW = - P dV and

dQ = dP + P dV …. 72
These equations (68, 70, and 72) may be applied
for ideal gases to various kinds of processes
that are closed and mechanically reversible, as
follows:
Isothermal Processes
At constant temperature,
ΔU = = 0

and ΔH = = 0
Similarly write Eqs. 68 and 70,
Isochoric Process (Constant V)

• From previous equations

ΔU = and ΔH =

Following from Eq. 68 and the basic work

equation,
• Q = and W = - ∫PdV = 0
Note that Q = ΔH,

∴ Q = ΔU = Const. V …. 75
 Adiabatic Process; Constant Heat Capacities
• An adiabatic process is one for which there is
no exchange of heat between the system and
the surroundings,
i.e dQ = 0, following which Eqs. 68, 70 and 72
may therefore be set to zero. Integration with

and constant gives,

From Eq. 68, =-

Integrating with constant gives

 =

Similarly Eq. 70 and 72 lead to

=

and =

These equations may also be written as

= constant …. 76a
 = constant ….. 76b

and = constant ….. 76c

given that ….. 77