POWER POINT DE EJEMPLO PARA EL

PROYECTO DEL TEMA 7

 2. THE PROCLAMATION OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC
THE ELECTIONS OF APRIL
• After the dictatorship, The king tries to return to the turnismo (with the governments of
Dámaso Berenguer and Admiral Aznar), but it is impossible.
• Municipal elections are organized on April 12, 1931, leading to general support for the
Republic.
• The king leaves the country, and on April 14, 1931, the Republic is proclaimed.

Spanish
Republic’s
Anthem:
https://ww
w.youtube
.com/watc
h?v=vFYg
saf-xYc
 2. THE PROCLAMATION OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC
• A provisional government is formed, consisting of:
 Former monarchists (Alcalá-Zamora, President of the Republic).
 The Radical Republican Party.
 Center-left parties (Republican Alliance and the Radical Socialist Republican Party).
 Catalan and Galician nationalists.
 The labor movement (PSOE and the UGT union).
 2. THE PROCLAMATION OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC

THE ELECTIONS OF JUNE

• This government calls for

constituent elections on June
28, where:
 1st force is the PSOE.
 Followed by the PRRS
and AR.
 The right is divided into
two groups: the "agrarian"
and the "Basque-
Navarrese."
 Catalan nationalists have
significant influence.
4. THE CRISIS OF THE REPUBLIC
4. THE CRISIS OF THE REPUBLIC
4. THE CRISIS OF THE REPUBLIC
 4. THE CRISIS OF THE REPUBLIC

EL GOBIERNO DEL FRENTE POPULAR (feb. 1936 – jul. 1939)

• Demonstrations, strikes and public disturbances. The Falange Española takes centre
stage. Left and right-wing militants decide to take the law into their own hands.

• July 1936: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEsjfiG5cvo

• The coup d'état prepared for the end of July continues.

• On 12 July, the Guardia de Asalto trooper José Castillo is assassinated.

• On 13 July, Castillo's colleagues go in search of a victim. The chosen one is Calvo

Sotelo, leader of the monarchist party “Renovación Española”.

• The coup is accelerated and on 18 July some of the military in Africa revolt.
 5. THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR: LA SUBLEVACIÓN MILITAR
THE COUP D’ÉTAT

• Road to the coup:

• Conversations from April 1931:
• Sanjurjada (1932); elections February 1936

• Preparations by Emilio Mola: centripetal coup towards Madrid, authoritarian military

government headed by Sanjurjo

• On 17 July (1936) the uprising breaks out in Africa.

• On 18 July the uprising spreads to the rest of Spain.

Mola († jun. 37) Sanjurjo († 20 jul. 36) Franco († nov. 75)

 5. THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR: LA SUBLEVACIÓN MILITAR
ESPAÑA DIVIDED IN TWO

Supporters of the coup d'état: conservative military, landowners, upper middle class,
monarchists (Carlists and Alfonsinos) and Catholic majority.

Territories where the coup triumphed: Seville, Cordoba, Granada, Navarre, most of
Castilla, Aragon, Galicia, the capital Oviedo and the Balearic Islands (except Menorca).

Supporters of Republican legality: progressive military, peasantry, petty bourgeoisie,

left-wing parties.

Territories loyal to the Republic: Madrid, Catalonia, Basque Country, Valencia,

Castilla la Mancha, Extremadura and Asturias.

Neither Madrid nor Barcelona fell:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xug2IK_QlA

FAILURE OF THE COUP LEADS TO CIVIL WAR (22 JULY)

 5. THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR: LA SUBLEVACIÓN MILITAR
THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF THE CONFLICT

• The European democracies did not want to intervene  Non-Intervention

Committee.
• It was a failure that would isolate the Republic, since from minute one the coup
received help from Hitler and Mussolini.

SUPPORT FOR THE REBELS SUPPORT FOR THE

REPUBLIC
Germany and Italy (reasons: fascists,
control of the Mediterranean, rehearsal Mexico (moral support,
for future World War II, economic munitions)
interests).
USSR (armaments and advisors
Portugal (Salazar right-wing in exchange for gold).
dictatorship).
International brigades: anti-
fascists from various
Indirectly, US and British companies backgrounds (workers, peasants,
financing the rebels and selling petrol. intellectuals, exiles). 60.000.
Focused on defending Madrid.
 6. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR.
LA CARRERA HACIA MADRID (julio 36 – marzo 37)

• Attempts are made to take the capital at all costs.

• Two armies: Navarre (Mola) and Africa (Franco). Franco’s advance towards Toledo
gives Madrid more time.
• The Republic arms the militias to stop the offensive.
• The rebels’ defeats at Jarama (Feb. 37) and Guadalajara (Mar. 37) force a change
of plan.
• The front stabilises. Madrid resists, but is surrounded:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KwOYdDpqd0A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ztm6OsoA1NM;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vwrvsu3k120
Bombing of villages:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zfK6h8VX3o
 6. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR.
LA OFENSIVA EN EL NORTE (abril – octubre 1937)

• Franco heads north.

• He conquers Bilbao (June), Santander (August) and Asturias (October). Reasons: They
are isolated; Aid Italian troops; Aid German bombing (GERNIKA, 26/04/1937).
 6. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR.
LA OFENSIVA EN EL MEDITERRÁNEO Y EL DESMORONAMIENTO DE LA REPÚBLICA
(oct 37 – abril 39)

• The Republican offensive in Belchite and Teruel (an attempt to gain territory). Failed.
• Franco launched an offensive to divide the Republican territories in two by attacking
through Aragon.
• The Republic launches the Ebro offensive (July-Nov '38), but fails.

Ruinas de Belchite
After the Battle of the Ebro, Franco
embarked on the capture of
Catalonia, which fell in January 1939.
Only parts of C-LM, Valencia and
Madrid remained to be taken.
After the government left for France, the Republic finally fell at the end of March
1939.
 7. POLITICAL EVOLUTION
REPUBLICAN’S ZONE

• Outbreak of the coup as a revolutionary excuse (collectivisation of land, burning

of convents). Chaos in the Republican zone, dissolution of the state.

• Azaña orders Largo Caballero to form a government (Sep. 36 - May 37).

Government of national concentration (Republicans, Socialists, Basque and
Catalan nationalists and anarchists). The government marches to Valencia.

• Negrín (May 37 - March 39). Transfer to Barcelona. "Resistance is victory".

• Casado’s Conspiracy (March 39). Successful coup d’état against Negrín,

surrender Madrid and negotiate. Negotiations failed: No space for negotiations with
Franco.

«La paz negociada siempre; la rendición

sin condiciones para que fusilen a medio
millón de españoles, eso nunca.»
Dr. Juan Negrín.
 7. POLITICAL EVOLUTION
REBEL’S ZONE

• Sanjurjo dies on 20 July. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePMggNWC1HI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wv6XAWoxp5Y

• Internal disputes begin.

• The Junta de Defensa Nacional de España is formed in Burgos (24 th July)
• Francisco Franco, Head of Government, State and Army (1 October 1936).
• Unification of Carlism and Falangism.
• Either Franco or CHAOS.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDR-XE2nqJ4
 8. CONSEQUENCES OF THE CIVIL WAR

Tragic outcome.

• 300,000 killed in battle.

• 200,000 shot and killed on both sides.
• 300,000 prisoners, 50,000 shot in the immediate post-war period.

• Topos (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5XfHlSruHe0) and maquis (

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFmSoC8ft0g) .
• Diseases and falling birth rate.

• Triumph of the conservatives and the Catholic Church.

• Republican exile (Mexico and France)
• Sentence to forced labour (Valle de los Caídos).

• Economic losses
• Cultural impoverishment
• Marked society. Resentments and wounds
• Long post-war period. Not peace but victory.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLFLqCXNOAE