Εξαρτήσεις

Ζητήματα Ηθικής
και Δεοντολογίας

Ζαχαρόπουλος Γιάννης
ΚΕΘΕΑ - Εκπαιδευτικό Στελεχών ΕΣΠΑ
Οκτώβριος – Νοέμβριος 2023
Ηθική
 Κλάδος της Φιλοσοφίας που ασχολείται με τις αξίες που σχετίζονται με την ανθρώπινη
συμπεριφορά όσον αφορά στην ορθότητα ή ακαταλληλότητα των πράξεων, στην
αγαθότητα ή μη κινήτρων και σκοπών

 Το επιστημονικό φιλοσοφικό σύστημα στο οποίο εξετάζο­νται οι ανθρώπινες πράξεις

 Κάθε διδασκαλία θρησκείας, ιδεολογίας κ.λπ., η οποία κα­θορίζει συνήθως με τη μορφή

δόγματος τι είναι καλό και τι κακό, τι επιτρέπεται και τι απαγορεύεται, τι είναι θεμιτό
και τι ανεπίτρεπτο (χριστιανική, βουδιστική, ισλαμική κ.λπ.)
The Non-Identity problem (NIP) Τι
διαπραγματεύεται;
- Έχουμε καθήκον προς τις μελλοντικές γενιές;

- Οι τωρινές μας πράξεις, έχουν αντίκτυπο σε ανθρώπους που δεν

έχουν γεννηθεί ακόμη;

- Αν ναι, επηρεάζουν την ποιότητα ζωής τους ή και την ίδια τους
την ταυτότητα;
The Non-Identity problem (NIP) Τι
διαπραγματεύεται;
- Είναι ηθικά λανθασμένο το να δημιουργούμε ελαττωματικές υπάρξεις, ακόμη και εάν δεν
διακυβεύεται κανένα συμφέρον τρίτου;

- Ακόμη και μια ελαττωματική ύπαρξη, αξίζει να υπάρξει;

- Είναι υποχρέωσή μας να δημιουργούμε πρόσθετο καλό, όχι μόνο για κάθε υπάρχον, αλλά
και για κάθε μελλοντικό άνθρωπο;

- Οι υποχρεώσεις μας επεκτείνονται και στη δημιουργία πρόσθετου καλού και για τους
απλώς πιθανούς ανθρώπους ή, γενικότερα, για το σύμπαν;

- Είναι ηθικά αναγκαίο να είμαστε δίκαιοι απέναντι στους μελλοντικούς ανθρώπους;

 The Time-Dependence Claim
1
“If any particular person had not been conceived when he was in
fact conceived, it is in fact true that he would never have existed”

(D.Parfit, Reasons and Persons, p.351)

 The Time-Dependence Claim
2
“If any particular person had not been conceived within a month of
the time when he was in fact conceived, he would in fact never have
existed”

(D.Parfit, Reasons and Persons, p.352)

 The Time-Dependence Claim
- Κάθε άτομο είναι ένας μοναδικός συνδυασμός συγκεκριμένου σπερματοζωαρίου με ένα
συγκεκριμένο ωάριο

- Η ταυτότητα ενός ατόμου συγκροτείται και από το γενετικό του κώδικα

- Mulgan, 2002  «Ισχυρισμός Γενετικής Εξάρτησης»

- Προχωράει στις ανάλυση υποθετικών περιπτώσεων μη ταυτότητας

 Υποθετική Περίπτωση

A Young Girl’s Child

“The girl chooses to have a child. Because she is too
young, she gives her child a bad start in life. Though this
will have bad effects throughout this child’s life, his life
will, predictably, be worth living. If this girl had waited for
several years, she would have had a different child, to
whom she would have given a better start in life”

(Parfit, Reasons and Persons, p.358)

A Young Girl’s Child
- Κάθε άτομο είναι ένας μοναδικός συνδυασμός συγκεκριμένου σπερματοζωαρίου με ένα
συγκεκριμένο ωάριο

- Η καθυστέρηση της εγκυμοσύνης του 14χρονου κοριτσιού δεν βελτιώνει τη ζωή του
παιδιού.

- Το παιδί που θα δημιουργήσει στην ηλικία των 14 και το παιδί που θα δημιουργήσει κάποια
χρόνια μετά δεν είναι το ίδιο πρόσωπο

“We cannot claim that this girl's decision was worse for her child…in the different outcomes,
different people would be born” (Parfit, Reasons and Persons, p. 359)

• Σχόλιο: Η σύγχρονη δυνατότητα κρυοσυντήρησης γενετικού υλικού ανατρέπει το

διανοητικό σχήμα του Parfit;
A Young Girl’s Child
- Intuition: Πώς ελέγχεται ηθικά η πράξη του κοριτσιού;

- Person Affecting Principle  Η πράξη του κοριτσιού είναι ηθικά λανθασμένη μόνο εάν
χειροτερεύει ή βλάπτει το παιδί

- Το παιδί αξίζει να υπάρξει – Η ζωή του αξίζει να βιωθεί

- Η πράξη της τεκνοποίησης καθαυτή δεν συνδέεται ευθέως με μια «κακή» ζωή για το παιδί
που γεννιέται
 Υποθετική Περίπτωση

Depletion
As a community, we must choose whether to deplete or conserve certain kinds of resources. If
we choose Depletion, the quality of life over the next two centuries would be slightly higher
than it would have been if we had chosen Conservation. But it would later, for many centuries,
be much lower than it would have been if we had chosen Conservation. This would be
because, at the start of this period, people would have to find alternatives for the resources that
we had depleted.

(Parfit, Reasons and Persons, p.361-362)

Depletion
 Use of natural
resources
Images reveal large amounts of
data, so remember: use an image
instead of long texts. Your
audience will appreciate that

Comparing the two policies, Conservation and Depletion, in Parfit’s

application of the non-identity problem to the use of natural
resources
 REINFORCE THE CONCEPT USING
INFOGRAPHICS!

SATURN NEPTUNE MARS

Saturn is
composed of Neptune is the Despite being red,
hydrogen and farthest planet Mars is actually a
helium from the Sun cold place
 INFOGRAPHICS MAKE YOUR IDEA
UNDERSTANDABLE…
Saturn is the ringed
Jupiter is a gas giant
one. It’s composed
mostly of hydrogen and
01 03 and the biggest planet
in the Solar System
helium

Neptune is the farthest Venus has a beautiful

planet from the Sun and 02 04 name and is the second
the fourth-largest planet from the Sun
 “My one regret in life is that I am not
someone else.”

Woody Allen, Without Feathers, New York: Random House, 1975

 HOW ABOUT THE PERCENTAGES?

55%
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun

15% 30%
Venus has a beautiful Neptune is the farthest
name, but it’s terribly hot planet from the Sun
 DO YOU PREFER THESE OTHER
PERCENTAGES?

MARS MERCURY
Despite being red, Mars Mercury is the closest
is actually a cold place planet to the Sun

VENUS NEPTUNE
Venus has a beautiful Neptune is the farthest
name, but it’s terribly planet from the Sun
hot
60% 30% 50% 99%
 SOMETIMES, REVIEWING CONCEPTS IS
A GOOD IDEA

MARS VENUS MERCURY

Despite being red, Mars is Venus has a beautiful name Mercury is the smallest
actually a cold place and is the second planet in the Solar System

JUPITER SATURN NEPTUNE

Jupiter is a gas giant and the Saturn is composed of Neptune is the fourth-largest
biggest planet of them all hydrogen and helium planet in the Solar System
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