Philosophical

Perspectives
(Classical Philosophies)
Prepared By: Bajenting & Mangonaon
D P the most basic beliefs, concepts and
E H attitudes of an individual or group.
F I
I L a discipline comprising as its core logic,
O aesthetics, ethics, metaphysics,
N
S and epistemology.
I
P
G  pursuit of wisdom
H
Y
  based on core values and beliefs:
P culture, religion, family, education,
H
political preferences, personal
I E
L experiences.
D
O U
S C  guide decisions and actions: determining
O A how you teach and what kind of
P T teacher/school leader you are.
H I
Y O  a representation of who and what you
N
are.
IDEALISM

-Plato
Idealism- is the metaphysical
view that associates reality to ideas in
the mind rather than to material
objects. It lays emphasis on the
mental or spiritual components of
experience, and renounces the notion
of material existence.

Prime aim of life: to achieve spiritual

values of truth, beauty & goodness
(undying values)
Types of Idealism
1. Subjective Idealism
2. Personal Idealism
3. Objectives Idealism
4. Absolute Idealism
5. Universe is Rational
6. Idealism of Phenomenalism
7. Plato’s Idealism
8. Modern Idealism
Main Principles:
1. Universal Mind
2. Realization of high values of life
3. Knowledge is percieved crystallized in
mind
4. Emphasis upon normative and social
sciences
5. Conceptualism in epistemology
6. Spirit and mind constitute the reality
7. Man being spiritual is a superior creation
Idealism in Education
• Mind & Truth
• Knowledge
• Tradititional
• Mentor

Aim: Develop individual’s

intellectuality and morality
REALISM

-Aristotle
Realism- believe that
reality exists independent of
the human mind. The
ultimate reality is the world
of physical objects.

Acqualities of life: what is

real
Realism in Education
• Practicality & Usefulness
• Skills & Abilities
• Modern
• Facilitator
Aim: preare students for the facts
by providing them valuable
education and practicality.
EXISTENTIALISM
- Jean
Paul Sartue
EXISTENTIALISM
- is is a learner-centred approach
because it emphasizes the importance
of individual experience and choice.
According to existentialist philosophy,
individuals are responsible for
creating meaning in their own lives.

- goal is to create a meaningful and

purposeful life.
Existentialism in
Education
- Existentialism in education emphasizes
individuality, freedom, and personal
responsibility.

- students might be encouraged to explore

their own beliefs, passions, and purposes in
life.

Example: writing journal, self-reflection &

open-ended discussions.
PRAGMATISM
- John
Dewey
Pragmatism
- aligns with modern educational philosophies
that emphasize student-centred learning and
active engagement.

-Two important elements of pragmatism

include practical learning, which focuses on
the real-world applications of lessons, and
experiential learning, which involves learning
through experience.

-Experience is the foundation of pragmatism.

- The pragmatist philosophy believes that action is
more important than words. The term pragmatism
derives its origin from a Greek word meaning to do,
to make, to accomplish. This is based on the idea
that students learn best by doing, not just by
listening or reading.

Example, if a student learns about fractions in math

class, they can use those skills to divide a pizza
evenly with their friends.

-it engage students in hands-on activities and

problem-solving skills.

Ex. project-based learning approach

 Form of
Pragmatism
1. HUMANISTIC PRAGMATISM-

This type of pragmatism is particularly found in social sciences. According to it the

satisfaction of human nature is the criterion of utility. In philosophy, in religion and even in
science man is the aim of all thinking and everything else is a means to achieve human
satisfaction.

2. EXPERIMENTAL PRAGMATISM-
Modern science is based upon experimental method. The fact that can be ascertained by
experiment is true. No truth is final, truth is known only to the extent it is useful in practice.
The pragmatists use this criterion of truth in every field of life. The human problems can be
solved only through experiment.
3. NOMINALISTIC PRAGMATISM-

When we make any experiment we attend to the result. Our aim is examination of the
material. Some hypothesis about the results invariably precedes every experiment.
According to nominalistic pragmatism, the results of an experiment are always particular
and concrete, never general and abstract.

4. BIOLOGICAL PRAGMATISM-

Experimentalism of John Dewey is based upon this biological pragmatism according to

which the ultimate aim of all knowledge is harmony of the man with the environment.
Education develops social skill which facilitates one’s life. The school is a miniature society
which prepares the child for future life.
Principles of
Pragmatism
1. PLURALISM-

Philosophically, the pragmatists are pluralists. According to them there are as many words as human
beings. The ultimate reality is not one but many. Everyone searches truth and aim of life according to his
experiences.

2. EMPHASIS ON CHANGE-

The pragmatists emphasize change. The world is a process, a constant flux. Truth is always in the
making. The world is ever progressing and evolving. Therefore, everything here is changing.

3. UTILITARIANISM-

Pragmatists are utility is the test of all truth and reality. A useful principle is true. Utility means
fulfillment of human purposes. The results decide the good and evil of anything, idea, beliefs and acts.
Utility means satisfaction of human needs.
4. CHANGING AIM AND VALUES-

The aim and values of life change in different times and climes. The old aims and values, therefore, cannot be accepted as
they are. Human life and the world is a laboratory in which the aims and values are developed.

5. INDIVIDUALISM-
Pragmatists are individualists. They put maximum premium upon freedom in human life. Liberty goes with equality and
fraternity. Everyone should adjust to his environment.

6. EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL ASPECTS-

Since man is a social animal therefore, he develops in social circumstances. His success is success in society. The aim of
education is to make him successful by developing his social personality.

7. EXPERIMENTALISM-
Pragmatists are experimentalists. They give more importance to action than ideas. Activity is the means to attain the end of
knowledge. Therefore, one should learn by doing constant experimentation which is required in every field of life.
THANK YOU!