HOW DID THE CONCEPT

I.

OF ATOMIC NUMBER LEAD

TO THE SYNTHESIS OF
NEW ELEMENTS IN THE
LABORATORY?
Chemists in the 19th century
generally agreed that matter
consisted of atoms, without
knowing
its stuctures.
Because of the information of
known elements, the
measurement of atomic
masses of many elements was
created.
And these thoughts paved the
way to arrange the elements in
a table to make use of their
atomic masses.
In 1864, John Newlands, an
English chemist noticed that
when the elements were
arranged according to
increasing mass, every eight
would exhibit similar
properties. He called this the
LAW OF OCTAVES but not
anymore beyond calcium.
In 1869, a Russian chemist,
Dmitri Mendelev and a
German chemist, Lothar
Meyer proposed a much more
extensive tabulation of
based on the periodic
recurrence of the
properties of elements.
This phenomenon is called
periodicity.
Mendeleev’s classification
system was a great
improvement compare to
Newland’s, because:
The system grouped the
elements together
according to their
properties and it was able
to predict the
properties of elements
which were not yet
discovered.
In 1913, a young English
physicist, Henry Moseley
discovered a correlation
between what he called
atomic
number and the frequency
of X-rays generated by
bombarding the elements
with high
energy electrons.

Arranging elements
according to atomic
number made sense
out of the discrepancies
that puzzled them.

Moseley concluded
that atomic number is
equal to the number of
protons in the nucleus and
the number of electrons in
an atom.
In an atom, the number of
protons is equal to the
number of electrons. This
is the atomic number of the
atom.
On the other hand, the
atomic mass is equal to the
total number of protons
and neutrons.
And, the mass number
have this equation:
 mass number (A)
=
number of proton (Z)
+
number of neutron
The accepted way of
denoting the atomic
number and mass number
of an atom of an element is
as follows:
Mass Number
(number of protons & neutrons)
A
X
(element
symbol)

Atomic Number Z
(number of protons)
 ISOTOPES
• this are atoms with the
same atomic number (Z)
but different mass number
(A)
Examples:
Isotopes of Hydrogen
1 3
1 H 2
1 H
Protium 1 H Tritium
Deuterium
I.
NUCLEAR
REACTIONS
INVOLVED IN THE
SYNTHESIS OF NEW
ELEMENTS
 What is
NUCLEAR
REACTION?
- It is the change in the
identity or characteristics of
an atomic nucleus, induced by
bombarding it with an
energetic particle