Angles on Parallel Lines

Nathan Day

www.drfrost.org
@DrFrostMaths

Contact the resource team:

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Last modified: July 2023 in England and Wales (no 1194954)
How to use these slides
Though many slides in this resource will have titles specific to the topic, the slide titles in the table below
are used consistently within DFL resources for specific pedagogical purposes.
Any atypical use of a slide type, including any change of animation* or intended use, will be outlined in the
Teacher Notes for the slide.
Slide Title Explanation Default Animations*
To be used as a prior knowledge check or to review prerequisite
Recap Green click-to-reveal boxes.
knowledge. Can be used as a starter or as part of the main lesson.
To be used to highlight key concepts or theorems. This could include
the ‘why’ of the topic - including “real-life” contextual scenarios, or Usually in sequence with some
The Big Idea
putting into context of other mathematical concepts (past and green click-to-reveal boxes.
future).
Example To be modelled by the teacher. Solution animates in sequence.
Green click-to-reveal boxes.
Test Your To be completed by students and used for Assessment for Learning, For multi-step answers, reveal in
Understanding primarily using mini-whiteboards. parts or click final answer to
reveal full solution.
To be used as ‘Example’ &‘Test Your Understanding’ above, within the Example animates in sequence.
Example same slide to provide scaffold via visible modelled solution. Click the header to reveal TYU
Problem Pair TYU column is blank initially, to focus attention on example. question, then green click-to-
Reveal question by clicking ‘Test Your Understanding’ banner. reveal boxes.
Green click-to-reveal boxes. For
To be used as fluency practice. Multiple questions in rapid succession,
Quickfire multi-step answers, reveal in
for calculations that can be completed mentally. Often used for
Questions parts or click final line to reveal
shorter questions/ formulae or to isolate a small part of the method.
full solution.
To be used as a diagnostic question. Multiple choice questions, with
Multi-choice
plausible distractors, to allow teachers to diagnose misconceptions Arrow points to answer, on click.
Question
and errors in student thinking, then adapt their lesson accordingly.
Exam Question To be completed by teacher or student. Green click-to-reveal boxes.
Dr Frost Learning is a registered charity in England and Wales (no 1194954)
Teacher Notes
Prerequisite Knowledge
• Describe, sketch and draw using
conventional terms and notations:
points, lines, parallel lines,
perpendicular lines, right angles,
regular polygons, and other
polygons that are reflectively and
rotationally symmetric.
• Apply the properties of angles at a
point, angles at a point on a straight
line, vertically opposite angles.
• Find unknown angles in triangles
(including equilateral and
isosceles), quadrilaterals and
regular polygons.
Contents
• Section 1: Introducing the angles on
parallel lines facts and finding missing
angles in simple problems.
• Section 2: Answering more complex
multi-step problems with a focus on
giving full justifications for answers.
Future Links
• Solve problems involving interpreting
and using bearings.
• Understand and use the properties
of different types of quadrilateral.
• Understand and apply circle
theorems to find unknown angles.
• Construct a geometric proof.

Key: Key Points Solution step – All slides include pedagogical

click to reveal detail in the ‘Notes’ section
! To be written for each slide.
in books Question/Discussion
Dr Frost Learning is a registered charity
Prompt in England and Wales (no 1194954)
Recap
1 Find the values of and .
Give reasons for your answers. Vertically opposite angles
are equal

Angles that form a

straight line sum to
,?

2 Find the value of . 3 Calculate the size of ∠ABC.

Angles around a C Angles in an equilateral

point sum to triangle are equal to
76 °
D 60 ° B
28 ° 90 ° Adding in extra lines can
help solve angle problems!

These markers show the

E A
sides have equal length
∠ABC ?

?
The Big Idea: Parallel Lines
What are parallel lines?

! Parallel lines are lines that always remain the

same distance apart.

Small arrows are used to show that lines are

parallel.

What shapes contain parallel lines? What is a transversal?

Many different quadrilaterals contain ! A line crossing through multiple other

parallel lines, such as: lines is called a transversal.

Trapeziums Transversal

Parallelograms

Many regular
polygons also include
parallel lines.
Test Your Understanding
Draw a diagram of a transversal crossing through
two parallel lines. 8
7
How many angles in total are formed by this? 5
4 ? 6
angles
? 3
1
How many of those angles are acute/obtuse? 2

acute? angles and 4 obtuse? angles If you drew yours differently, you
might have got 4 right angles!
Identify four pairs of parallel lines

and
?

and
?

and
?

and
?
The Big Idea: Corresponding Angles
What are corresponding angles?

Angles that are in corresponding positions of their intersection points.

Both angles are in Both angles are in the

the top-right corner bottom-left corner

! Corresponding angles formed when a transversal crosses parallel lines are equal.

Why are they called corresponding angles?

‘Corresponding’ means matching or agreeing.

Corresponding angles are in matching positions.

The Big Idea: Corresponding Angles
Why are corresponding angles on parallel lines equal?

Corresponding angles are translations of each other, moving but not changing size.

How can corresponding angles be spotted?

Corresponding angles can sometimes be

recognised by looking for an F shape.
The Big Idea: Alternate Angles
What are alternate angles?

Angles on alternate sides of the transversal, in between the parallel lines.

Angles on alternate sides … but both in between

of the transversal… the parallel lines.

! Alternate angles formed when a transversal crosses parallel lines are equal.

Why are they called alternate angles?

‘Alternate’ means opposite to.

Alternate angles are on opposite sides of the transversal.

The Big Idea: Alternate Angles
Why are alternate angles on parallel lines equal?

Alternate angles are a combination of corresponding and vertically opposite angles.

Equal, because So these alternate

Vertically
vertically opposite angles are equal
opposite

Alternate
Corresponding

Equal, because
corresponding angles

How can alternate angles be spotted?

Alternate angles can sometimes be

recognised by looking for a Z shape.
The Big Idea: Co-interior Angles
What are co-interior angles?

Angles on the same side of the transversal, in between the parallel lines.

Angles on the same side … and both in between

of the transversal… two parallel lines.

! Co-interior angles formed when a transversal crosses parallel lines sum to 180°.

Why are they called co-interior angles?

‘Co-interior’ is short for ‘consecutive interior’.

Co-interior angles are on the interior (inside) of the two parallel lines.
The Big Idea: Co-interior Angles
Why do co-interior angles in parallel lines add up to 180°?

Co-interior angles are a combination of corresponding angles and angles that form
a straight line.

So these co-interior
Sum to 180°, as they angles sum to 180° Straight Line
form a straight line

Co-interior
Corresponding

Equal, because
corresponding angles

How can co-interior angles be spotted?

Co-interior angles can sometimes be

recognised by looking for a C shape.
Test Your Understanding
Which angle is alternate to angle ? 𝑓
𝑔
𝑐? 𝑒
Which angle is corresponding to angle ? 𝑑 h
𝑐
? 𝑎
Which two pairs of angles are co-interior?
𝑏
and
?
and
Fill in the gaps

?
is equal to because they are alternate angles on parallel lines.
?
is equal to because they are vertically opposite angles.
? angles on parallel lines.
is equal to because they are corresponding
and add up to? because they are co-interior angles.
Quickfire Questions
What is the size of the shaded angle?

What type of angles are they?

Angle size?

Corresponding
Angle type?
Quickfire Questions
What is the size of the shaded angle?

What type of angles are they?

Angle size?

Co-interior
Angle type?
Quickfire Questions
What is the size of the shaded angle?

What type of angles are they?

Angle size?

Alternate
Angle type?
Quickfire Questions
What is the size of the shaded angle?

What type of angles are they?

Angle size?

Co-interior
Angle type?
Quickfire Questions
What is the size of the shaded angle?

What type of angles are they?

Angle size?

Alternate
Angle type?
Quickfire Questions
What is the size of the shaded angle?

What type of angles are they?

Angle size?

Corresponding
Angle type?
The Big Idea: The Two-Way Relationship
How can you tell whether two lines are parallel?

So far, we have seen that:

Corresponding angles are equal.

Lines are parallel means that Alternate angles are equal.

Co-interior angles sum to .

However, it is also true that:

Corresponding angles are equal

Alternate angles are equal means that Lines are parallel.

Co-interior angles sum to

And also that:

Corresponding angles are not equal

Alternate angles are not equal means that Lines are not parallel.
Co-interior angles don’t sum to
Quickfire Questions
Are the two red lines parallel?

How do you know?

No
Parallel?

If they were parallel, the two

Reason
corresponding angles would be equal.
Quickfire Questions
Are the two red lines parallel?

How do you know?

Yes
Parallel?

The two co-interior angles do

Reason
add up to .
Quickfire Questions
Are the two red lines parallel?

How do you know?

No
Parallel?

If they were parallel, the two alternate

Reason
angles would be equal.
Example Test Your Understanding
Find the value of . Find the value of .

107° 𝑎=73 °
117 ° 𝑏=117°
𝑥 𝑥
𝑎=117 °

, as angles that form a straight line (corresponding angles)

sum to . or?
(alternate angles).
, since and are corresponding angles
on parallel lines. , since angles that form a straight line
sum?to .

Top tip: Sometimes there are multiple

Can you see any other ways
methods to find the final answer.
These two solutions are just examples. to find the values of ?
Exercise 1 (Available as a separate worksheet)
Show all
solutions

1 Find the value of .

a b c

? ? ?

2 Find the value of .

a b c

? ? ?
Exercise 1 (Available as a separate worksheet)
Show all
solutions

3 Match each diagram to the correct word. 4 Shade an angle in each

diagram to match the
given description.

Corresponding a Alternate ?
(see diagram)

Alternate
b Co-interior ?
(see diagram)

Co-interior

c Corresponding ?
(see diagram)

Vertically Opposite

? Reveal
Exercise 1 (Available as a separate worksheet)
Show all
solutions

5 Shade all the angles equal to in each diagram.

a b c

?
(see diagram) ?
(see diagram) ?
(see diagram)

6 Decide which lines, if any, are parallel in each diagram.

Diagrams are not drawn accurately.

a b c

?
None ?
(see diagram) ?
(see diagram)
Exercise 1 (Available as a separate worksheet)
Show all
solutions

7 Find the value of . 8 Find the value of in the

trapezium below.
a

?
?
b
[Junior Maths Challenge, 2011, Question 11]
N
The diagram shows an
equilateral triangle inside a
? rectangle.
What is the value of ?
c

?
?
Recap: Explain each student’s mistake

is because
is because they
they are
are alternate
corresponding
angles!
angles!

Basma Hannah

They are corresponding angles, The transversal is not crossing

? angles.
not alternate ?
through parallel lines.

is because they is
are because they
corresponding are
angles! F-angles!

Nathan Logan

The transversal crossing parallel lines has They must use the mathematical
a corresponding?angle of , not . ?
language of ‘corresponding angles’
The Big Idea: Giving Reasons

When a question says ‘give a reason for each stage of your working’, you must give
written explanations of your answer, using correct mathematical language.

Example In this exam question 2 out of the 4 marks

[Edexcel GCSE(9-1) Nov 2017 1H Q3]
were for giving reasons using correct
mathematical language, such as:
‘Angle because vertically opposite angles
are equal’
or
‘Angle because corresponding angles on
parallel lines are equal’.

This is the indicator that

you need to give written
reasons in your answer.
Example Test Your Understanding
Find the value of . Find the value of .
Give reasons for your answer. Give reasons for your answer.

𝑥 83 °

𝑎=109 ° 71 ° 𝑎=83 °
𝑥
One possible solution:
, as angles that form a straight line
sum to . ?
, since alternate angles on parallel
lines are equal.
, since and are corresponding angles
on parallel lines. , since angles that form a straight line
?
sum to .

Top tip: Sometimes there are multiple

Can you see any other ways
methods to find the final answer.
These two solutions are just examples. to find the values of ?
Test Your Understanding: Fill in the gaps
, since Find the value of . ,
Give reasons for your answer.
co-interior angles on parallel
h to 180. since alternate angles
lines sum a
F on parallel lines are
. G
D
equal.
, since vertically opposite E
i equal.
angles are 𝑥 since anglesb that form
A 64 ° a straight line sum to .
C
76 °
B
,
e
, since corresponding angles ___________on since angles in actriangle sum to .
parallel lines are equal.
, since corresponding angles on __parallel
f
, since vertically opposite _____angles are d
lines are equal.
equal.

, since angles that form a straight line sum to .

g
Example
Find the value of .
Give reasons for your answer. D Give reasons for your answer.
𝑥 E
B 73 ° 57 °
A 73 °
∠CBD is equal to , since they are
corresponding angles.
, since angles in a triangle sum to .
Test Your Understanding
Find the value of .
C
51 °
C 129 °34 °
D B
𝑥17 °
A
∠BCA is equal to , since angles in a
?
triangle sum to .
∠ECD is equal to , since angles that
?
form a straight line sum to .
is equal to , since corresponding
?
angles on parallel lines are equal.
Did you use the same steps?
Example Test Your Understanding
Find the value of . Find the value of .

, as vertically , as co-interior
opposite angles are angles sum to . , since angles in a? triangle sum to .
equal.

, since and are alternate angles on

, since angles in a triangle sum to . ?
parallel lines.

Did you use the same steps?

Exam Question

[Edexcel GCSE(9-1) Nov 2018 2F Q22]

is a triangle.

and are parallel lines.

Work out the size of angle .

Give a reason for each stage of your working.

, as angles forming a straight line sum to?.

? lines are equal.

, as alternate angles on parallel

. ?

, as angles in a triangle sum to . ?

Could you have found the value of without even using the angle?

Yes, by splitting to give two pairs of ?alternate angles.

Exercise 2 (Available as a separate worksheet)
Show all
solutions

1 Find the value of . Give reasons for each answer.

a b

e.g. ‘Corresponding angles are

‘Co-interior angles on parallel
? Reasons?
lines sum to .’
? equal, andReasons?
angles that form a
straight line sum to .’

c d

e.g. ‘Corresponding angles are
? equal, andReasons?
angles that form a
straight line sum to .’
?
e.g. ‘Angles around a point sum to ,
Reasons?
alternate angles are equal, and angles
on a straight line sum to .’
Exercise 2 (Available as a separate worksheet)
Show all
solutions

2 Find the value of . Give reasons for each answer.

a b

? ?

c d

? ?
Exercise 2 (Available as a separate worksheet)
Show all
solutions

3 Form and solve an equation to find . All angles are in degrees.

a b

Equation? Solution? Equation? Solution?

c d

4 𝑥 Equation?
− 90°=𝑥 Solution? Equation? Solution?
Exercise 2 (Available as a separate worksheet)
Show all
solutions

For the questions below, justify your answers.

[Edexcel GCSE(9-1) Nov 2020 1H Q6] [AQA GCSE June 2015 2F Q17c]
4 5
Calculate the size of ∠EAB. Work out the size of .

? ?

6 [Edexcel IGCSE Jan 2021 2F Q11]

N Find the value of angle .
Work out the size of .

41°
35 °

𝑦
? ?