Introduction to

Fuzzy Set Theory

Content

Fuzzy Sets

Set-Theoretic Operations

MF Formulation

Extension Principle

Fuzzy Relations
Introduction to
Fuzzy Set Theory
Fuzzy Sets
Types of Uncertainty

Stochastic uncertainty

E.g., rolling a dice

Linguistic uncertainty

E.g., low price, tall people, young age

Informational uncertainty

E.g., credit worthiness, honesty

Crisp or Fuzzy Logic

Crisp Logic

A proposition can be true or false only.

Bob is a student (true)

Smoking is healthy (false)

The degree of truth is 0 or 1.

Fuzzy Logic

The degree of truth is between 0 and 1.

William is young (0.3 truth)

Ariel is smart (0.9 truth)

Crisp Sets

Classical sets are called crisp sets

either an element belongs to a set or not, i.e.,

Member Function of crisp set

x A or x A
0
( )
1
A
x A
x
x A

'

{ }
( ) 0,1
A
x
P
Crisp Sets
P : the set of all people.
Y : the set of all young people.
Y
{ }
( ) 25, age Young y y x x P
1
y
( )
Young
y
25
Fuzzy Sets
Crisp sets { }
( ) 0,1
A
x
( ) [0,1]
A
x
1
y
( )
Young
y
Example
Definition:
Fuzzy Sets and Membership Functions
If U is a collection of objects denoted generically
by x, then a fuzzy set A in U is defined as a set of
ordered pairs:
{ }
( , ( ))
A
A x x x U
membership
function
: [0,1]
A
U
U : universe of discourse.
Example (Discrete Universe)
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} U
# courses a student
may take in a semester.
(1, 0.1) (2, 0.3) (3, 0.8) (4,1)
(5, 0.9) (6, 0.5) (7, 0.2) (8, 0.1)
A

' )

appropriate
# courses taken
0.5
1
0
2 4 6 8
x : # courses
( )
A
x
Example (Discrete Universe)
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} U
# courses a student
may take in a semester.
(1, 0.1) (2, 0.3) (3, 0.8) (4,1)
(5, 0.9) (6, 0.5) (7, 0.2) (8, 0.1)
A

' )

appropriate
# courses taken
Alternative Representation:
1 2 3 4 0.1/ 0.3/ 0.8/ 1.0/ 0.9/ 0.5/ 0.2/ 0.1/ 5 6 7 8 A + + + + + + +
Example (Continuous
Universe)
possible ages U : the set of positive real numbers
{ }
( , ( ))
B
B x x x U
4
1
( )
50
1
5
B
x
x

_
+

,
about 50 years old
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 20 40 60 80 100
x : age
( )
B
x
( )
4
50
5
1
1
x
R
B x

+ +

Alternative
Representation:
Alternative Notation
{ }
( , ( ))
A
A x x x U
U : discrete universe
U : continuous universe
( ) /
i
A i i
x U
A x x

( ) /
A
U
A x x

Note that and integral signs stand for the union of

membership grades; / stands for a marker and does not imply
division.
M
e
m
b
e
r
s
h
i
p
v
a
l
u
e
height
1
0
Membership Functions (MFs)

A fuzzy set is completely characterized by

a membership function.

a subjective measure.

not a probability measure.

tall in Asia
tall in USA
tall in NBA
510
x
1
0
0.5
MF
MF Terminology
cross points
core
width

-cut
support
Introduction to
Fuzzy Set Theory
Set-Theoretic
Operations
Set-Theoretic Operations

Subset

Complement

Union

Intersection
( ) ( ),
A B
A B x x x U
( ) max( ( ), ( )) ( ) ( )
C A B A B
C A B x x x x x
( ) min( ( ), ( )) ( ) ( )
C A B A B
C A B x x x x x
( ) 1 ( )
A
A
A U A x x
Set-Theoretic Operations
A B
A B
A
A B
Properties
A A
Involution
A B B A
Commutativity
A B B A
( ) ( )
A B C A B C
Associativity
( ) ( )
A B C A B C
( ) ( ) ( )
A B C A B A C
Distributivity
( ) ( ) ( )
A B C A B A C
A A A
Idempotence
A A A
( )
A A B A
Absorption
( )
A A B A
A B A B
De Morgans laws
A B A B
Properties

The following properties are invalid for

fuzzy sets:

The laws of contradiction

The laws of exclude middle

A A
A A U
Other Definitions for Set Operations

Union

Intersection
( )
( ) min 1, ( ) ( )
A B A B
x x x

+
( ) ( ) ( )
A B A B
x x x

Other Definitions for Set Operations

Union

Intersection
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
A B A B A B
x x x x x

+
( ) ( ) ( )
A B A B
x x x

Introduction to
Fuzzy Set Theory
MF Formulation
MF Formulation

Triangular MF

Trapezoidal MF

Gaussian MF

Generalized bell MF
( ; , , ) max min , ,0
x a c x
x a b c
b a c b
trimf
_
_

,
,
( ; , , , ) max min ,1, ,0
x a d x
x a b c d
b a d c
trapmf
_
_

,
,
2
1
( ; , , )
1
b
x a b c gbellmf
x c
b

+
2
1
2
( ; , , )
x c
gau x a b c e ssmf

_

MF Formulation
Manipulating Parameter of the
Generalized Bell Function
2
1
( ; , , )
1
b
x a b c gbellmf
x c
b

+
Sigmoid MF
( )
1
( ; , )
1
a x c
sig x a
e
mf c

+
Extensions:
Abs. difference
of two sig. MF
Product
of two sig. MF
L-R MF
,
( ; , , )
,
L
R
c x
F x c
x c
x c
L
F x c
R

_
<

,

'
_

Example:
2
( ) max(0,1 )
L
F x x
( )
3
( ) exp
R
F x x
c=65
=60
=10
c=25
=10
=40
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Fuzzy Linguistic Variables

Fuzzy Linguistic Variables are used to

represent qualities spanning a
particular spectrum

Temp: {Freezing, Cool, Warm, Hot}

Membership Function

Question: What is the temperature?

Answer: It is warm.

Question: How warm is it?

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Membership Functions

Temp: {Freezing, Cool, Warm, Hot}

Degree of Truth or "Membership"

50 70 90 110 30 10
Temp. (F)
Freezing Cool Warm Hot
0
1
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Membership Functions

How cool is 36 F ?
50 70 90 110 30 10
Temp. (F)
Freezing Cool Warm Hot
0
1
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Membership Functions

How cool is 36 F ?

It is 30% Cool and 70% Freezing

50 70 90 110 30 10
Temp. (F)
Freezing Cool Warm Hot
0
1
0.7
0.3
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Fuzzy Logic

How do we use fuzzy membership functions

in predicate logic?

Fuzzy logic Connectives:

Fuzzy Conjunction,

Fuzzy Disjunction,

Operate on degrees of membership in fuzzy

sets
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Fuzzy Disjunction

AB max(A, B)

AB = C "Quality C is the disjunction

of Quality A and B"
0
1
0.375
A
0
1
0.75
B
(AB = C) (C = 0.75)
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Fuzzy Conjunction

AB min(A, B)

AB = C "Quality C is the
conjunction of Quality A and B"
0
1
0.375
A
0
1
0.75
B
(AB = C) (C = 0.375)
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Example: Fuzzy Conjunction
Calculate AB given that A is .4 and B is 20
0
1
A
0
1
B
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
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Example: Fuzzy Conjunction
Calculate AB given that A is .4 and B is
20
0
1
A
0
1
B
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Determine degrees of membership:
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Example: Fuzzy Conjunction
Calculate AB given that A is .4 and B is
20
Determine degrees of membership:
A = 0.7
0
1
A
0
1
B
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0.7
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Example: Fuzzy Conjunction
Calculate AB given that A is .4 and B is
20
Determine degrees of membership:
A = 0.7 B = 0.9
0
1
A
0
1
B
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0.7
0.9
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Example: Fuzzy Conjunction
Calculate AB given that A is .4 and B is
20
Determine degrees of membership:
A = 0.7 B = 0.9
Apply Fuzzy AND
AB = min(A, B) = 0.7
0
1
A
0
1
B
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0.7
0.9
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Fuzzy Control

Fuzzy Control combines the use of fuzzy

linguistic variables with fuzzy logic

Example: Speed Control

How fast am I going to drive today?

It depends on the weather.

Disjunction of Conjunctions
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Inputs: Temperature

Temp: {Freezing, Cool, Warm, Hot}

50 70 90 110 30 10
Temp. (F)
Freezing Cool Warm Hot
0
1
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Inputs: Temperature, Cloud
Cover

Temp: {Freezing, Cool, Warm, Hot}

Cover: {Sunny, Partly, Overcast}

50 70 90 110 30 10
Temp. (F)
Freezing Cool Warm Hot
0
1
40 60 80 100 20 0
Cloud Cover (%)
Overcast Partly Cloudy Sunny
0
1
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Output: Speed

Speed: {Slow, Fast}

50 75 100 25 0
Speed (mph)
Slow Fast
0
1
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Rules

If it's Sunny and Warm, drive Fast

Sunny(Cover)Warm(Temp) Fast(Speed)

If it's Cloudy and Cool, drive Slow

Cloudy(Cover)Cool(Temp) Slow(Speed)

Driving Speed is the combination of output of

these rules...
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Example Speed Calculation

How fast will I go if it is

65 F

25 % Cloud Cover ?
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Fuzzification:
Calculate Input Membership
Levels

65 F Cool = 0.4, Warm= 0.7

50 70 90 110 30 10
Temp. (F)
Freezing Cool Warm Hot
0
1
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Fuzzification:
Calculate Input Membership
Levels

65 F Cool = 0.4, Warm= 0.7

25% Cover Sunny = 0.8, Cloudy =

0.2
50 70 90 110 30 10
Temp. (F)
Freezing Cool Warm Hot
0
1
40 60 80 100 20 0
Cloud Cover (%)
Overcast Partly Cloudy Sunny
0
1
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...Calculating...

If it's Sunny and Warm, drive Fast

Sunny(Cover)Warm(Temp)Fast(Speed)
0.8 0.7 = 0.7
Fast = 0.7

If it's Cloudy and Cool, drive Slow

Cloudy(Cover)Cool(Temp)Slow(Speed)
0.2 0.4 = 0.2
Slow = 0.2
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Defuzzification:
Constructing the Output

Speed is 20% Slow and 70% Fast

Find centroids: Location where membership

is 100%
50 75 100 25 0
Speed (mph)
Slow Fast
0
1
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Defuzzification:
Constructing the Output

Speed is 20% Slow and 70% Fast

Find centroids: Location where membership

is 100%
50 75 100 25 0
Speed (mph)
Slow Fast
0
1
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Defuzzification:
Constructing the Output

Speed is 20% Slow and 70% Fast

Speed = weighted mean

= (2*25+...
50 75 100 25 0
Speed (mph)
Slow Fast
0
1
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Defuzzification:
Constructing the Output

Speed is 20% Slow and 70% Fast

Speed = weighted mean

= (2*25+7*75)/(9)
= 63.8 mph
50 75 100 25 0
Speed (mph)
Slow Fast
0
1