Pharmaceutical Ethics

By: Hawaryaw Mathewos (B. pharm, MSc.)

1 06/13/2024
 Pharmacy Law & Ethics Course
Course Name: Pharmacy Law & Ethics
Course Module: Pharmacy Practice
Course Code: Phar
Course EtCTs: 3 (2 ECTS)

2 06/13/2024
 References
 Remington, J.P., 2006. Remington: the science and practice
of pharmacy (Vol. 1). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
 Dale and Appelbe's Pharmacy and Medicines Law, 12th
edition, Pharmaceutical Press, 2021
 De. Marco, C, T. Pharmacy & the law, Aspen Systems
Corp,, Rochville,MD, 1984,
 EFDR, Food and Medicine Administration Proclamation
No.1112/2019, 2019
 Updated Directives of EFDA

3 06/13/2024
 ETHICS
WHAT IS ETHICS?
Ethics is derived from the Greek word "ethos"
meaning custom or character
 Ethics can be defined as the branch of philosophy
dealing with standards of conduct and moral
judgment!’
Or simply it is a study of morality

4 06/13/2024
 Intro…
 It also refers to the expected standards as described in the
group's code of professional conduct “Professional Ethics ”
 The basic foundation of ethical behavior is the basic perception
that “DO GOOD & AVOID EVIL”
 Ethics and law are related in that both share the social purpose:
ENCOURAGE THE RIGHT CONDUCT

5 06/13/2024
 Ethics vs Morality
Morality is the science concerned with the distinction
between right and wrong.
A moral act is one that is carried out with at least some
degree of knowledge and freedom, proceeding from man's
rational nature.
A moral act (a human ), which is in conformity with moral
law, is called good but if opposed to moral law, it is called
bad
Ethics is systematic analysis of moral decisions and
behaviour". Or It is the study of morality
Ethics have been particularly associated with specific
groups in society.
6 06/13/2024
 Medical ethics
Medical ethics is the branch of ethics that deals with
moral issues in medical practice
Health professional must recognize responsibility to
patients first and foremost, as well as to society, to
other health professionals, and to self.
These are not laws, but standards of conduct which
define the essentials of honourable behaviour for the
clinicians (physicians, pharmacists, health officers and
nurses……)

7 06/13/2024
 Medical ethics…
Medical ethics is closely related to law.
In most countries there are laws that specify how HPs
are required to deal with ethical issues in patient care
and research.
In addition the medical licensing and regulatory
officials in each country can do and punish HPs for
ethical violations.

8 06/13/2024
 Ethics Vs Law
Ethics and law are not identical.
Ethics describes higher standards of behaviour than
does the law.
Moreover laws differ significantly from one country to
another while ethics is applicable across national
boundaries

9 06/13/2024
 who decides what is ethical?
The answer to the question, “who decides what is
ethical for people in general?"
Varies from one society to another and even within the
same society.
In liberal societies,
 Individuals have greater deal of freedom to decide for
themselves what is ethical although they will likely be
influenced by their families, friends, religion ,media and
other external sources. .

10 06/13/2024
 who decides what is ethical?.....
In more traditional societies,
family and clan elders, religious authorities and political
leader have greater role than individuals in determining
what is ethical.
Despite these differences, it seems that most human
beings can agree on some fundamental ethical
principles, namely, the basic human rights proclaimed
in the United Nations Universal Declaration of
Human Rights and other widely accepted and officially
endorsed documents.

11 06/13/2024
 Cont…
The human rights that are especially important for
medical ethics include:
Right to life
Right to freedom from discrimination, torture
and cruel inhuman or degrading treatment
Right to medical care
Right to freedom of opinion and expression
to equal access to public service in one's
country, and to medical care.

12 06/13/2024
 Who decides what is ethical for HPs?
In many not most, countries medical association have
been responsible for developing and enforcing the
applicable ethical standard.
* Depending on the countries approach medical law,
these standards may have legal status.
The ethical directives of medical association can't
deal with every situation that HPs might face
So in most situations HPs have to decide to themselves
what is right way to act

13 06/13/2024
 Does medical ethics change?...
There can be tittle doubt that some aspects of medical
ethics have changed over the years.
Until recently HPs had the right and the duty to decide
how patients should be treated and there was no
obligation to obtain the patient’s informed consent.
 significant changes in recent times. While a HPs should always
act according to his/her conscience, and always in the best
interests of the patient, equal effort must be made to guarantee
patient autonomy and justice.”
Participation in abortion was forbidden in medical
code of ethics but now it is legalized in many
countries including Ethiopia.
14 06/13/2024
 Ethical Theories

Two General Thoughts:

A. Consequentialism
 Also known as Teleology (utilitarian or end based theory)
 Looks at the consequences of acts
 The acts are right to the extent that they produce good
consequences
 The result that matters most
 According to the utilitarian school of thought, right action
is that which has greatest utility or usefulness
 No action in itself is good or bad, the only factor that makes
it good or bad is its outcome

15 06/13/2024
 B. Deontological or ‘duty-based’ ethics
 Root word: ‘deon’ from the Greek word meaning, roughly, ‘one
must’;
 Deontological ethics are especially concerned with rules and
duties and obligations
 Rightness and wrongness are inherent in the act itself
independent of the consequences
 The process matters more than the result/End
 The concern is which course of action, will do the most good
overall.
 you are acting rightly when you act according to duties and
rights
16 06/13/2024
Basic Principles of Bioethics/medical ethics
Bioethics is the study of typically controversial Ethics
brought about by advances in biology and medicine.
All ethical issues arise from the three Pillars of Ethics
A. Respect for person/ Autonomy
B. Beneficence/ non‐maleficience
C. Justice
 They are considered universal regardless of geographic, economic,
legal and political boundaries.
 Researchers/HPs are obliged to assure that these principles are
followed while conducting anything involving human
participants.
17 06/13/2024
 A. Respect for persons
 Respect for persons addresses two main ethical
considerations.
I. Respect for autonomy,
II. protection of persons with diminished or impaired autonomy.
 To respect autonomy is, therefore,
 to give weight to the considered opinions and choices of the
individual, while refraining from obstructing his/her actions.

18 06/13/2024
 Autonomy
Autonomy is the promotion of independent choice,
self-determination and freedom of action.
Autonomy means independence and ability to be self-
directed in healthcare
The term autonomy implies the following basic
elements
The autonomous person is respected
The autonomous person has the freedom to act upon the
choices

19 06/13/2024
 Autonomy…..
Before giving care, patients should be asked to give their consent
 Informed consent
 Not every individual is, however, capable of decision-making due to
o Lack of maturity (as in the case of children),
o mental disability, or
o circumstances that severely restrict liberty (as in the case of
prisoners),
 Prisoners may have the right to volunteer for research, but
on the other hand, they may be forced or improperly influenced to
engage in research activities for which they would not otherwise
volunteer.
20 06/13/2024
  According to this principle, the patients or research participants
have the right to be well informed and give consent.
 This process is termed to be informed consent.
 So, informed consent is
 It is a process by which patients are informed of the possible
outcomes, alternatives and risks of treatments and
 Then they are required to give their consent personal autonomy in
regard to specific treatments freely.

21 06/13/2024
 Types of Informed Consent
a. Written: especially for clinical research, written
consent is a must.
b. Verbal: Verbal consent may be used where people are
reluctant to put their signature on official document.

22 06/13/2024
 Components of informed consent
Information
Specific items for disclosure
Understanding
Familiarize the information to the patent’s needs
Voluntary agreement
No threat of harm (coercion) AND
No improper reward (undue influence)

23 06/13/2024
When to get consent
 Enough time has to be allocated for the patient prior to
seeking his or her consent for the following reasons:

To get enough time to think about the risks and benefits

To allow him/her enough time to seek advice from

family, relatives, friends, colleagues

24 06/13/2024
 Incompetents to give IC
Patients competency can be affected either by age or
medical condition.
Minors/Children
16 and 17 year old children assumed to be competent
to give consent for any treatment that would otherwise
constitute a sequence on them.
Children under age of 16 are presumed to be
incompetent to consent and to treatment.

25 06/13/2024
 Incompetents…….
Mental status
Mental illness may impair a patients capacity to
provide valid consent
Belief/Religon
Those with the greatest depth of faith refuse
blood (blood product) transfusion, even if this
lead to personal harm or death believing that to
receive transfusion will result in their eternal
damnation

26 06/13/2024
 Consent in the case of minors
A minor a person under the age of 18 years requires
the consent of his or her parent or guardian to enter into
certain legal agreements.

Discussion
1. List circumstances where consent of parent or
guardian is not required?
2. How informed consent is obtained in the case of mentally
ill persons?

27 06/13/2024
 Assent
 Assent is the agreement of someone not able to give legal
consent to participate in the activity

Children <7: No Assent

Children 7-12: Separate Assent Form
Teens 13-17 and Incompetent Adults:

28 06/13/2024
 Case-scenario
Case 1: A physician at a provincial hospital is treating an
eight year old boy who requires a blood transfusion. For
religious reasons his parents are not prepared to give consent.
What should the physician do?
Case 2: A physician has diagnosed her patient as suffering
from cancer. She knows that her patient is subject to bouts of
depression and that if she informs the patient that she is
suffering from cancer, she will go into a deep depression that
will undermine the treatment
Should the physician reveal the diagnosis in order to obtain
an informed consent to treat the condition?

29 06/13/2024
 Case-scenario
Case 3: A life saving cancer medication was 1 month
beyond the expire day in a pharmacy stock and the
medication is stockout elsewhere in the country. The
physician and pharmacist was discussing to administer
the medication to give it a try saving the child’s life. if
they informs the patient’s parents they fear the parents
will undermine the treatment.

What should they do?

30 06/13/2024
 Medical treatment without consent in cases of
emergency
Where a person whose life or health is in serious danger
as a result of injury, disease or ill-health is unable to give
consent to medical treatment or
An operation he or she may be given emergency
treatment provided.

31 06/13/2024
 2. Beneficence/ nonmaleficence

Beneficence—the provision of benefits—and nonmaleficence—the

avoidance of doing harm.
refer to protection from harm and making efforts to secure
their well-being.
Two general rules have been formulated as complementary
expressions of beneficence:
a) do not harm= extended from Hippocratic oath that stated “do no
harm”, and
b) maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms.
Beneficence has two components: benefits and risks

32 06/13/2024
 Nonmaleficience……
It is to avoid causing deliberate harm, risk of harm, and
harm that occurs during the performance of beneficial
acts.
Nonmaleficence also means avoiding harm as a
consequence of good.
For example,
The difference between killing and letting die (active and
passive euthanasia)
Withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment
(O2, Glucose , IV drug)

33 06/13/2024
 Case-scenario
 A doctor works in a mission hospital in a rural part of the country where the
incidence of HIV-positive people is very high. She leaves to drive to the
city on the weekend to attend her son’s wedding. As she is off duty and
expecting to relax she leaves behind her medical bag which contains
universal precautions against HIV infection. While she is still in the high
risk area, an hour's drive away from the mission hospital, she comes
across a bus accident with bodies lying scattered in the road. She is
feeling overworked, and also needs to hurry to reach the city in time for
her son's wedding. She decides not to stop but uses her cell phone to call
the mission hospital with a request that they send help immediately. Three
people die from loss of blood which could have been prevented if she
had stopped and assisted.
 Did the doctor act ethically? Why or why not?
 Did the doctor act legally? Why or why not?

34 06/13/2024
 3.Justice
 Refer to fair and equitable distribution of both the burdens and
benefits
 It is the basis for the obligation to treat all clients in an equal
and fair way.
 Just decision is based on client need and fair distribution of
resources
 Such formulations include: to each person
i. an equal share
ii. according to individual need
iii. according to individual effort
iv. according to societal contribution
v. according to merit
35 06/13/2024
 Other ethical principles
Veracity
Fidelity
Confidentiality
Veracity means telling the truth, which is essential to
the integrity of the client-provider relationship
Health care providers obliged to be honest with clients

36 06/13/2024
 Confidentiality
 meaning, “Confide” with regard to "show trust by
imparting secrets; while confidential or in confidence is
“a secret or private matter not to be disclosed to others

Professional codes of ethics will often have statements

about professions maintaining confidentiality
(Hippocratic Oath)

37 06/13/2024
 When confidentiality may be breached?
 There is a professional duty to maintain confidentiality unless :
A court of law orders them to make a disclosure, (e.g. in a
paternity dispute)
 An law of Parliament requires them to make a disclosure,
(e.g. reporting child abuse)
There is a moral or legal obligation on the HP to make a
disclosure to a person that moral or legal obligation to
receive the information, (e.g. where a patient threatens to kill
someone)
The patient consents to the disclosure being made

38 06/13/2024
 Case scenario
Case: A pharmacist is consulted by a patient who has
been diagnosed as HIV positive. The patient is married
but is having sexual intercourse with another woman with
whom he is having an affair. The doctor advises the
patient that the latter should tell both his wife and the
other woman that he is HIV-positive and to ensure that
precautions are taken. For religious reasons the patient is
not prepared to use a condom. He also does not wish to
inform his wife because she may divorce him, and does
not want the other woman to know in case she ends their
relationship.
Question: What should the pharmacist do?

39 06/13/2024
 summary
Acknowledge a person’s right to make choices, to
Respect for Persons/Autonomy
hold views, and to take actions based on personal
values and beliefs

Treat others equitably, distribute

Justice
benefits/burdens fairly.

Obligation not to inflict harm intentionally; In

Nonmaleficence (do no harm) medical ethics, the HPs guiding maxim is “First,
do no harm.”

Provide benefits to persons and contribute to

their welfare. Refers to an action done for the
Beneficence (do good)
benefit of others.

40 06/13/2024
 Health research and Ethics
Medicine is not an exact science..
Thus, medicine is inherently experimental.
Thus when conducting experiments the whole
procedure have to be ethical.

41 06/13/2024
 History of unethical research on human
The Tuskegee Syphilis study conducted in the US between 1932 and
1972 (longest study) on a large group of black men.
 Aimed at discovering how blacks react to syphilis and how long a human
being can live with untreated syphilis.
 Subjects were denied treatment, even after penicillin was available in the mid-
1940s.
 They were ill informed of having “bad blood” and were promised free care.
 The study was finally stopped in 1972 after a public outrage.
 The study raised several ethical issues among which were,
 informed consent, racism, unfair subject selection, maleficence, truth-telling and
justice, etc.
 All this scandal led to the development of the National Research Act (1974)

42 06/13/2024
 Unethical research….
Nazi doctor’s medical experiments (In WWII)
On Jews, gypsies and political prisoners.
High altitude experiments- conducted in low
pressure chambers that approximate pressure at
extremely high altitudes.
Freezing experiments- subjects remained in ice tanks
for 3 hours, severely chilled and rewarmed.
Malaria experiments- infected healthy humans with
infected mosquitoes

43 06/13/2024
 Nazi’s Unethical research…..
 Sterilization of subjects by means of x-ray, surgery and
drugs.
 Spotted fever (typhus) germs infected healthy subjects to
develop vaccine.
 Poison mixed with food or subjects shot with poison bullets
to investigate effects of various poisons.

 The scandals in these experiments were condemned and led

to the development of Nuremberg Code (1947).

44 06/13/2024
 The Nuremberg Code

45 06/13/2024
 Ethical issues in health care
Ethical Dilemmas
Ethical dilemmas occur when there are
disagreements on ethical behaviour or
application of ethical principles.
Ethical dilemmas can occur between
pharmacists and clients, pharmacists and
physicians, and among pharmacists because the
values, sense of justice and fairness of each party
may differ.

46 06/13/2024
 Ethical issues
Ethical issues in health care can be divided into two
broad categories:
"macro“
"micro"
Macro issues involve issues that are not specific to a
given health care practitioner;
It involve issues that must be addressed by all health care
practitioners and society in general.
 E.g. It includes issues such as abortion, assisted suicide,

genomics, rationing of and access to health care, organ

transplantation, and in vitro fertilization.

47 06/13/2024
 Ethical issues
Micro issues are those that may confront individual
practitioners in the course of their daily practice.
e.g. In the case of pharmacists, these may include the use of
placebos, patient confidentiality and informed consent.

Case scenario
What will be your decision if the medication is a
controlled substance used for pain control in a critically ill
patient but if there is no prescription order for the drug?
I will provide the medication even if it is illegal
I do nothing

48 06/13/2024
 Rationing
Rationing is another term for resource allocation
As the cost of providing health care services continues
to grow, some have suggested and even attempted to
implement a system that would ration the availability
of health care
e.g. List of essential drugs, Generic prescription, STG
Discussion
Patent right Vs essential drug access (patent Vs public
health priority)

49 06/13/2024
 Rationing….

50 06/13/2024
 Beginning-of-life Issues
Contraception:
Requests for contraceptives from minors and explaining the risks of
different methods of contraception.
Assisted reproduction:
For couples who cannot conceive naturally there are various
techniques of assisted reproduction, such as
I. Artificial insemination
Artificial insemination (AI) is the manual placement of semen in the
reproductive tract of the female by a method other than natural mating
II. In-vitro fertilization
From July 25, 1978 with the birth of Louise Joy Brown -up to Now=

above 4 million babies are born with IVF

51 06/13/2024
 Beginning-of-life……..
 Embryo transfer
The process by which an embryo is collected (flushed)
from one female (the donor) and transferred to another
female (the recipient) to complete the gestation period.
 Surrogate or substitute gestation
A gestational carrier (surrogate mother) is a woman who
agrees to have an embryo generated from the sperm of a man
through the process of IVF who is not her husband.

(Religion, Norm, Culture……….. ??)

52 06/13/2024
 Beginning-of-life……..
 Prenatal genetic screening: genetic tests are available to
determine the embryo or foetus genetic abnormalities and
whether it is male or female.
 Depending on the findings, a decision can be made whether or not to
proceed with pregnancy.
 Abortion: This has long been one of the most divisive
issues in medical ethics, for health professionals, religious
leaders and for public authorities.
 Question:
 Do you agree on the legalization of abortion in Ethiopia? (Rape,

pregnancy from relatives, risk for the mother health)

53 06/13/2024
 (End-of-life Issues)
Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide
 Euthanasia=knowingly and intentionally performing an act
that is clearly intended to end another person's life
 Although medical euthanasia ("mercy killing") has long been
an ethical issue,
 From an ethical perspective, the key issue remains whether
assisted suicide violates the Hippocratic responsibilities of
health care practitioners to "do no harm.“
 Those who advocate its availability to patients suggest that
allowing a patient to continue to experience persistent pain is
"to do harm"

54 06/13/2024
 Euthanasia….
 It could be performed voluntarily & involuntarily.
 In voluntary euthanasia,
a person asks to die (by either active or passive
euthanasia).
 Non voluntary euthanasia
refers to ending the life of a person who is not
mentally competent to make an informed request to
die, such as a comatose patient.

55 06/13/2024
 Euthanasia…….
 Active euthanasia involves painlessly putting
individuals to death for merciful reasons,
 Eg. a doctor administers a lethal dose of
medication to a patient
Passive euthanasia involves not doing something
to prevent death, as when doctors refrain from using
an artificial respirator to keep alive a terminally ill
patient.
An act of omission.

56 06/13/2024
 Euthanasia……

Discussion/Question
 Does the difference between passive and active euthanasia,
which reduces to a difference in how death comes about,
make any moral difference?

57 06/13/2024
 To My Family, My Physician, My Clergyman, and My Lawyer:
If the time comes when I can no longer take part in decisions about my own future, let this
statement stand as testament of my wishes: If there is no reasonable expectation of my
recovery from physical or mental disability,
I, ________, request that I be allowed to die and not be kept alive by artificial means
or heroic measures. Death is as much a reality as birth, growth, maturity, and old age—it is
the one certainty. I do not fear death as much as I fear the indignity of deterioration,
dependence, and hopeless pain. I ask that drugs be mercifully administered to me for the
terminal suffering even if they hasten the moment of death.
This request is made after careful consideration. Although this document is not legally
binding, you who care for me will, I hope, feel morally bound to follow its mandate. I
recognize that it places a heavy burden of responsibility upon you, and it is with the
intention of sharing that responsibility and of mitigating any feelings of guilt that this
statement is made.
Signed: ______________________________
Date: _______________________________
Witnessed by:
58 06/13/2024
____________________________________
 Euthanasia….
Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg legalized
euthanasia
In Belgium, To make a legitimate euthanasia request,
the patient must be an adult, must be conscious and
legally competent at the moment of making the request.
Assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland. Germany,
Albania. Colombia, Japan and in the US states of
Washington, Oregon, Vermont, New Mexico and
Montana

59 06/13/2024
 Human Drug Experimentation
Two important ethical issues include
human drug experimentation and
the use of placebos

 Thus it is the role of the institutional review board (IRB)

to see over or assess these ethical issues and give permission.

60 06/13/2024
 Discussion
What is the ethical dilemma related with placebo?
What make the use of placebo rationale?
Describe disease conditions that enforce researchers to
design a study that provides placebo to the treatment arm
in clinical trial?

61 06/13/2024
 Professional ethics

62 06/13/2024
 Professional ethics
A profession is an occupation that requires special knowledge
and skilled preparation.
An occupation is
 Especially one requiring advanced education and special training,
e.g. law, medicine, pharmacy…...
An employment that is not mechanical & requiring some degree of
learning.
A profession is generally distinguished from other kinds of
occupation by:
Its requirement of prolonged specialized training
By having a tendency toward serving either their community or an
organization
63 06/13/2024
 Profession Vs Vocation
Characteristics of Profession:
Specializing in knowledge
Rigorous training and schooling, problem-solving skills
Providing essential services to the society
Deriving force: not fortune (gain) but rather the service
they render (ministering)
Codes, guidelines, oaths, commitment statements,
etc

64 06/13/2024
 Profession...
Social Sanction
professionals given exclusive right to practice the
profession
Ever changing/growing field of study

65 06/13/2024
 Vocation….
Vocation
Training is given for short time; mainly to
develop habitual skills
Vocational skills are useful under stable
conditions where the problems are routine
Vocational education is highly dogmatic

66 06/13/2024
 Question
Is pharmacy a true profession?????,
Yes Why?
Because it assists the public and individuals make the best
usage of medications and fulfils the above basic feature of
a profession.

67 06/13/2024
 Ethics and Professionalism
Code of Ethics
These are rules of conduct based on moral values, which are
stated by a recognized association.

Pharmacists are health professionals who assist individuals in

making the best use of medications.

The pharmacy code of ethics is intended to state the principles

that form the fundamental basis of the roles and responsibilities
of pharmacists

68 06/13/2024
 Standards of practice for pharmacists practicing
in Ethiopia (Pharmacy code of Ethics)
Definition
 The practice of pharmacy is defined as
Preparing, compounding, preserving or the
dispensing of drugs, medicines & medical
devices on the basis of prescriptions or other
legal authority
Giving Clinical/patient care i.e rendering a
health service by concerning itself with
knowledge about drugs and their effects on
human.
69 06/13/2024
 Basic code of ethics for pharmacists by FIP and EPA
in Ethiopia
1. A pharmacist respects the covenantal relationship

between the patient and the pharmacist

2. A pharmacist promotes the good of every patient in a

caring, compassionate and confidential manner.
 Protect the dignity of the patient.

70 06/13/2024
 Ethiopian code of ethics for
pharmacists………….

3. A pharmacist respects the autonomy each patient.

 A pharmacist respects personal and cultural differences

among patients.

4. A pharmacist acts with honesty and integrity in professional

relationship.
 Has a duty to tell the truth

5. A pharmacist maintains professional competence as new

medications, devices, technological advances and health
71 06/13/2024
information are being increasing.
 Ethiopian code of ethics for
pharmacists………….

6. A pharmacist respects the values and abilities of

colleagues and other health care professionals.

7. A pharmacist serves individuals, community and societal

needs.

8. A pharmacist seeks justice in the distribution of health

care resources
 Fair and equitable health resource distribution balancing
needs of patients and the society.
72 06/13/2024
 Oath of a pharmacist
I vow to devote my professional life to the service of mankind
through the profession of pharmacy.

I will consider the welfare of humanity and relief of human suffering

my primary concerns.

I will use my knowledge and skills to the best of my ability in serving

the public and other health professionals.

I will do my best to keep abreast of developments and maintain

professional competency.
I will obey laws governing the practice of pharmacy and will support
enforcement of such laws.
73 06/13/2024
 Oath of a pharmacist…
I will maintain the highest standards of moral and ethical
conduct.

I take these laws voluntarily with the full realization of the

trust and responsibility with which I am empowered by the
public.

74 06/13/2024
 Ethical principles and obligations during
practicing pharmacy in relation to other stakeholders
I. Pharmacist in Relation to his/her patients
Always follow patient first or service first rule

Obligations

The pharmacist should:

 Respect the mutual relationship with the patient

 Be morally obligated in response to the trust received from the

society
 Not show partiality between the clients

75 06/13/2024
 Not abuse his/her relationship with the patient for personal gain
 II. The pharmacist in relation to the public
Always provide quality service

Therefore , the pharmacist should:

 Act at all times in a manner which promotes and safeguards the

interest of the public

 Be responsible for providing appropriate public health education

and pharmaceutical services

76 06/13/2024
 III. Pharmacist in relation to fellow professionals

 The pharmacist should extend all support, respect and

cooperation to fellow pharmacists of his/her profession during

needs for scientific and technical information

 The pharmacist shall have the responsibility to expose any act of

misconduct or malpractice committed by fellow professionals.

77 06/13/2024
IV. Pharmacist in relation to other health professionals
The pharmacist should:
Respect the skills and competencies of other health care providers
work cooperatively.
Not recommend a particular medical practitioner to the patient
Maintain the confidence and trust placed in other health
professionals by patients.

78 06/13/2024
 Expose any act of malpractice committed by other health
professionals through the appropriate channels

Things not to do:

 Not enter into any secret arrangement or negotiations with any
health professional by way of giving any offer, commission, etc.
 Favorism
 Partiality

79 06/13/2024
 V. The pharmacist in relation to his/her job
Practice the profession after being registered
and/or licensed
Immediately report any observed unwanted
reactions, side effects, ADRs
Carry responsibility
Maintain professional competence
Provide current drug information

80
06/13/2024
 VI. Pharmacists as a member of the community
Be a good citizen!
Be a person of high principles and integrity
Be law abiding citizen
Actively participate in community services
Address the needs of special groups society such
as under aged, disabled people mentally ill

81 06/13/2024
 VII. Management and utilization of pharmaceuticals
 Do not sale substandard, counterfeit, deteriorated & mislabeled
pharmaceuticals
 Confirm legibility of prescription
 Accept prescription only in written form except in emergency
 Give advice and counseling
 Do not fill prescription of drugs written for prescriber his/her
personal use
 Keep records properly

82 06/13/2024
 The health professional–patient relationship

The general rule accepted as a fundamental medical ethical

norm , “As to disease, make a habit of two things—to
help or, at least, to do no harm”.
The patient-professional relation
Should be built on ethical confidentiality, trust and
honesty
first consider the welfare of the patient
Should be founded on the three pillars of ethics
(beneficence, autonomy and justice)

83 06/13/2024
 What is Unethical???
Providing and seeking compensation for therapies that
have no benefit to the patient.
Not respecting person and cultural difference
Creating impartiality among clients
Sexual misconduct on part of the professional
 the abuse of professional power and violation of the professional
ethical conduct
Therefore, any sexual contact or romantic relationship b/n
the heath care provider and the patient is unethical.

84 06/13/2024
 Thank You

85 06/13/2024