PROTECTED CULTIVATION

OF CHRYSANTHRMUM
Topics to be learned
 Importance,
 Classification,
 Cultivars,
 Environment,
 Planting,
 Preparation of media & beds
Importance
 Chrysanthemum is versatile commercial flower crop;
 It can be planted in the bed, cultured in the pot, used for
garland making and also as cut-flower for flower arrangement.
 It is next only to rose in value of flower trade in the world
market.
 The word Chrysos means ‘golden’ and anthos means ‘flower’.
 It is commonly known as ‘Queen of East/ autumn queen/
guldaudi.
 National Flower of Japan
Importance & Uses
 In India too, chrysanthemum occupies a place of pride both as a
commercial crop and as a popular exhibition flower.
 It has a wide range of type, size and colour and also ‘forms’.
 Short day plant – ‘Photo sensitive’ (10 hours day light)
 The erect and tall growing cultivars are suitable for
background planting in borders or for cut flowers.
 The cultivars with the dwarf and compact growing habit, on the other
hand, are suitable for front row plantation or pot culture.
 The decorative and fluffy bloomed small-flowered cultivars are ideal for
garland making and hair decoration.
 The extra large-bloomed cultivars for their exhibition value.
 Tall growing type suitable for background planting in borders.
 Dwarf growing for flower beds and pot culture (pot mums)
Importance & Uses
 Loose flowers – garland, veni, worship etc.
 Long stem flowers – cut flowers for Bouquet, Vase etc.
 Chrysanthemum morifolium is also an important source of essential oil and
sesqu-iterpenoid alcohol.
 The species like Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium and C. coccineum are also
being cultivated as sources of pyrethrins and an important insecticide.
 Chrysanthemums are the most popular cut flower sold in the United States.
 The chrysanthemum is one of the most beautiful and perhaps the oldest
flowering plants, commercially grown in different parts of the world.
 It is important both as cut flower and as potted plant in the international
market.
 In Dutch cut flower auction, chrysanthemum ranks 2nd after rose.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
Scientific name: Dendranthema grandiflora

Family: Compositae / Asteraceae

 The species of the genus Chrysanthemum are

annual, perennial herbs, sometimes partly woody.

 Native to Europe and Asia
 It originated in Europe and Asia (China).
 Species involved in the development are

◦ D. sinense, D. indicum, D. japonicum, D. ornatum.

Classification
 Class 1. Single : Ray florets in a single row at
right angles to the stem. Disc is flat to slightly
round and may be of contrasting colours, e.g.,
Potomac.
 Class 2. Semi-double : Ray florets in more than
one row at right angles to the stem but may curve
downward at the tips. Disc as in class 1.
 Class 3. Anemone: Ray florets variable, from
flattened, broad and equal in length to reflexing,
pointed at tip and unequal in length. Disc florets
are numerous tube-like and elongated so as to
form a prominent disc which may range from flat
to hemispherical in form.
 Class 4. Pompon: Bloom globular, somewhat
flat in young stage or small button type. Ray
florets broad, incurved, smooth and firm with
good substance.
Classification
 Class 5. Incurve: Breadth and depth should be equal to produce a
globular bloom. Ray florets narrow to broad, smooth and incurve in a
regular to an irregular manner without producing an open centre,
e.g., Snow Ball, Mountaineer, Nob Hill. An Irregular Incurve
chrysanthemum, or Agai ogiku in Japanese, meaning "big
chrysanthemum". The size of this flower is around 20cm (about 8
inches).
 Class 6. Reflexing incurve : Ray florets usually broad and smooth.
Breadth and depth nearly equal to form a globular bloom,
sometimes flattened, may be less compact than incurve. All mature
florets not completely incurving and not all completely reflexed. The
lower florets sometimes reflexing to give a skirted effect, e.g., Dream
Castle, Indianapolis.
 Class 7. Decorative Ray florets from short and broad to narrow,
long and pointed, they generally reflex, although upper florets may
tend to incurve. Blooms more flattened than globular, e.g., Otome
Pink, Princess Anne.
 Class 8. Reflex Bloom globular with equal depth and breadth and a
full centre, or somewhat flattened. Ray florets narrow to broad,
gracefully overlapping in either a regular or in an irregular manner
and reflexed. e.g., Coronation Pink.
Classification
 Based on the size, shape of
flower, arrangements of florets and purpose used,
the chrysanthemums are classified into several
groups.
i) Small flowered types
ii) Large flowered types
iii) Classification based on plant growth
iv) Based on usage.
 i) Small flowered types
 Singles – The petals are arranged in one or not more than five rows with prominent
central disc.
 Anemones – Prominent centrally raised hemispherical cushiony disc florets surrounded
by short rounded or flat or twisted or quilled ray florets.Ex. Golden sands, White sands.
 Korean single – Small flowers with a prominent central disc, ray florets are flat, number of
whorls or ray florets are five and less than five.Ex: Cardinal, Gul-e-Sahir, Chairman.
 Korean double – The number of whorls of ray florets are more than five and the central
disc is open.Ex: Flirt, Man Bhawan.
 Spoon – The outer ray florets are tubular with a spatula or spoon like opening at the
tips.Ex: Anokha.
 Decorative – Fully double flowers with flat petals and central disc is generally absent or
not seen, ray florets are longer. Ex: Aretic, Elegance, Blue chip, Dolly.
 Quilled – Small flowers, ray florets are tubular.Ex: Golden crystal, Snow crystal.
 Button – Very compact, small flowers, produce numerous flowers. Ex: Golden dust.
 Pompon – The flowers small, freely opened, compact, hemispherical or ball shape, the
central disc is concealed or absent, florets neatly arranged.Ex: Apsara, Jayanthi, Lameo,
Dandy, Eve.
ii) Large flowered types
 Incurved regular – The outer ray florets curve upwards and inwards towards the disc
florets to forma globular shape.Ex: Snow ball, Sonar Bangla, Chandrama.
 Incurve irregular – The outer ray florets incurve loosely and irregularly and do not from a
ball as in case of regular.
 Refluxed – The outer ray florets curved outwards and downward away from the centre so
that only their upper surface is seen.Ex: Cresta, City Beauty, Golden Rule, Day dream,
Peach blossom, Sweet Heart.
 Intermediate – The inner florets incurved and outer florets are refluxed, they are
intermediate in shape to incurved and refluxed.Ex: John Reid, Lady Hope town.
 Spider – The outer ray florets are large, elongated, tubular and curved to form a hook or
coil like structure at the tip of the petals.Ex: Rupasi Bangla, Mahatma Ganthi.
 Quill – The outer ray florets are elongated, straight and tubular like a quill with tips open
but not flattened.
 Exhibition - The outer florets are refluxed and inner florets incurred, the ray florets are
generally twisted, irregularly overlapped each other and looks attractive.
 Ball type – Ray florets are straight and radiated in all directions to give a complete ball
shape.
iii) Classification based on plant
growth
 Standards – plants with single flower, other buds
are removed if arise from the laterals and produce
big flower.
 Spray – The main apex bud is removed and

lateral buds are allowed.

 Pot mums – Small flowered mums with 6-9”

height are beautiful in decorating the places.

iv) Based on usage
 Cut flowers –
◦ i) Disbudded inflorescence
◦ ii) Spray inflorescence
 Loose flowers
 Potted/bed plants
Cultivars
 More than 15000 cultivars are listed in Japan alone.
 The National Chrysanthemum Society of Britain lists over
6000 cultivars.
 In India also more than 500 cultivars.
 Spray Types
 White : Super white, White spider
 Yellow : Sunbeam, Super yellow
 Pink : Blue Marble, Blue Winner
 Pale pink : Pink Marble, Snapper
 Red : Red Fandango, Red Nero, Red,
 Bronze : Bronze Nero, Tuneful
 Light bronze : Apricot Marble, Orange Aglow
 Purple : Fandango, Flamenco
 Salmon : Coral Marble
Cultivars
 Standard Type
 White : Giant Indianapolis White, Snow Ball
 Yellow : Bright Golden Anne, Chandrama
 Pink : Cassandra, Deep Champagne
 Red : Red Anne
 Bronze : Resilient, Alfred Wilson
 Light bronze : Bronze Muriel
 Purple : Purple Anne
Cultivars
 Small-Flowered for POT Culture
 White : Mercury, Honeycomb
 Yellow : Aparajita,
 Mauve : Megami
 Small-Flowered for cut flowers
 Yellow : Sujata
 Mauve : Nilima, Grandchild
 Small-Flowered for Garland
 White : Birbal Sahni, Sharad Shobha
 Yellow : Basanti
Cultivars
Varieties Developed at
NBRI, LUCKNOW IIHR VARIETIES:

 Ajina Purple: 1.Indira

 Snowball 2.Neelima
 Potomac 3.Chandrakant
 M-24 4.Chandrika
 Agnishikha 5.Keerthi
 Gypsy Queen 6.Pankaj
 Navneet Yellow 7.Rakhee
 NBRI Indiana 8.Ravikiran
 Gamit 9.Red gold
 Pournima 10.Yellow gold
 NBRI LITTLE DARLING 11.Yellow star
12.PUNJAB GOLD
Environment
 Light and temperature are the two important
environmental factors influencing the growth and
flowering.
 As far as light is concerned, both photoperiod and the
intensity have profound effects on growth and
flowering of chrysanthemum.
 Since chrysanthemum is a short day plant, planting
should be done such that flowering coincides with short
day conditions.
 It is a short-day plant normally initiates
and flowers during September to December under
South Indian conditions.
Environment
 It flowers only when short photoperiods are
available.
 But the demands for the flowers are more

especially during occasions like New Year,

Christmas, mother’s day, etc.
 If the farmer is able to produce during these peak

consumption periods it fetches a lot to the farmer.

Environment
 Cut chrysanthemums are grown under polyhouses with the
following environmental conditions.
 Temperature : 16 - 25ºC
(20-28 ⁰C DT
15-20⁰C NT)
 Relative humidity : 70 - 85 %
 CO2 : 600 - 900 ppm
 Light Intensity : 150 lux (1.2-1.6 mJ/sq.m/day)
 Photoperiod :
◦ Long day conditions with 13 hours light & 11 hours darkness during
vegetative stage (upto 4-5 weeks from planting) and
◦ short day conditions with 10 hours light & 14 hours darkness during
flower bud initiation stage.
Environment
 SOIL REQUIREMENT
 Chrysanthemum with a shallow but fibrous root system is
sensitive to water-logging and prone to attack by diseases,
such as root rot and wilt due to lack of aeration.
 Clay and clay loam soils retain too much of moisture and
thereby hinder proper aeration, resulting in rotting of roots.
 Sandy soils drain too quickly and require
frequent irrigation and also suffer from loss of nutrients due
to leaching.
 Sandy loam soils are ideal for chrysanthemum growing.
 pH ranging between 6.2 and 6.7
 Also well drained red loamy soil with pH of 6 to 7.
Environmental Management
 Methods for off-season production under
protected structure
1. Photo-periodic control mechanism
2. Cultivation of off-season varieties
Photo-induction and response group
 Different varieties of chrysanthemums have different photo-induction
requirements i.e. the number of light and continuous long dark periods
(short days) required by the plant for coming into bloom after it has
attained full vegetative growth.
 A combination of day and night is termed as one photoperiod.
 Different varieties require different photoperiods ranging from 8 to 15
weeks for coming into bloom.
 A variety requiring eight weeks of photo-induction period means it belongs
to 8 weeks response group.
 The chrysanthemum varieties have been classified into different response
groups ranging from eight to fifteen weeks depending upon on their
respective photo-induction requirement.
 Determination of the response group is very much essential because
artificial lighting and blackout dates have to be provided, based on the
response group of the varieties chosen for cultivation.
Control of Environment
Artificial lighting (Long Days) :
 Artificial lighting is provided to the chrysanthemums after planting, in

order to initiate the vegetative growth.

 Fluorescent or incandescent or high-pressure mercury lamps are

used for providing artificial light in the greenhouses.

 The intensity of artificial light required is about 150Lux.

 This light is provided by suspending overhead tubes (40 Watt) or

bulbs (40 Watt) about two meters above the plants and the bulbs
were arranged four feet apart with each other.
 For providing long days, the lights should be kept it on for four hours

usually from 10 p.m. to 2 a.m. on every night; so that long

continuous dark period is interrupted and it was divided into two-
night portions, none of which is long enough (9½ hours) to initiate
flower buds.
Control of Environment
Artificial Shading (Short Days) :
 After attaining the sufficient vegetative growth, short days

are provided to induce the flowering in treated plants.

 Short day treatment consisted of complete shading of

potted plants or beds for 14h continuous hours i.e. from 5

p.m. to 7 a.m. every day, this treatment is continued till the
floral buds of the forced plant started showing colour.
 Shading is done by facilitating the black alkathene sheet

with 150 gauge thickness.

 For spray varieties, 11 to 12 hours of shading is sufficient

to obtain the number of laterals, flower bud differentiation

and flowering.
Control of Environment
Temperature (Heating and cooling) :
 If the protected structures are located in temperate or

warmer regions, they need some extra arrangement like

artificial heating and cooling systems to regulate the
temperature inside the greenhouses for optimal plant
growth and flowering.
 Artificial heating is provided in the greenhouses by

installing the hot water or steam running pipes inside or

by providing soil bench warming cables or fan heaters
inside the house.
 Whereas artificial cooling is done by evaporative cooling

or fan-pad evaporative cooling methods.

Control of Environment
Humidity:
 The optimum relative humidity is raised by spraying water and lowered

by providing ventilation and heating.

 Shoot elongation and plant height were found to be decreased at or

below 60% RH as compared to 90% RH.

Selection of Cultivars:
 The right choice of cultivars is of paramount importance for successful

cultivation for the off-season.

 Chrysanthemum varieties belonging to 8 to 9-week response groups

were suitable for growing in high light intensity areas or season, while
12 to 14 weeks response varieties were preferred for those areas or
season which received low light radiation.
Varieties
Standard types: Bonfire Orange, Bonfire Yellow.
Spray types: Reagan Yellow, Reagan White, Nanako, etc.,
 Offseason cultivars and Photo-thermo insensitive
cultivars
Name of cultivar Date of planting Blooming season

Himanshu, Jwala, Jyoti January Summer (April-June)

Meghdoot, Varsha, February Rainy season (July-Aug)

Tushar, Phuhar

Sharad, Sharad Shobha, March Sept.-Oct. (Autumn)

Ajay, Sharada
Sharad Kanti, Sharad March Oct.-Nov. (Autumn)
Mala

Traditional cultivars March Nov.-Dec. (Winter)

Vasantika, Jaya July Dec.-Jan. (Winter)

Illini Cascade, Jaya, Lilith, August Spring

Suneel, Vasantica
Maghi. Feb-March.
Growing environment
 Soil:
◦ Sandy-loam having pH 6.2-6.7 is ideal for growing
chrysanthemum.
 Climate:
◦ Light (Intensity: 1.2-1.6 MJ/m2/day, Quality: 600-800nm,
Photoperiod: less than 9.5 hours)
◦ Temperature (night: 10-16oC, day: 18-21oC)
◦ CO2: 500-1000ppm
 Propagation:
◦ Terminal stem cuttings (4-5 cm) during June-July, and
◦ Suckers during February to April
Planting density and spacing:
 Greenhouse cut flowers: 40-54 plants/m2.
 Loose flowers: 30 x 20 cm or 20-25 plants/m2
 Standards: 20 x 20 cm
 Sprays: 30 x 30 cm
 Pot mums: 3-5 cuttings/pot (15 cm)
Planting:
 The soil beds are made 1 meter wide keeping 20cm elevated
above the ground.
 The cuttings are planted at a spacing of 12.5cmx 12.5cm,
accommodating 64 plants per squae meter.
 Planting of spray types as done @ 32 plants/m2 area,
 Planting is done preferably in evening.
 Soil sterilization is done either by shutting down all the curtains
for trapping solar heat inside the greenhouse during peak
summer months to allow the soil temperature to reach
approximately 5O⁰C temperature
 or by drenching soil beds with 5% solulion of formaldehyde @
4 litres/m2 area and covering them with polyethylene sheets for
2-3 weeks.
Irrigation management
 Two or 4 number of inline type drip laterals of 16:2:30
or 12:2:30 grades and size are used for spray and
standard chrysanthemums, respectively.
 Misting is done regularly in morning and evening for
4-5 days to maintain sufficient moisture after planting.
 After planting self rooted cuttings, an irrigation
comprising 3m3 and a mist of 4-5 m3 water/ 1,000 m2
area is given to wet the root and create 85% relative
humidity.
Fertigation
 In an early stage of development of the plants overhead
misting is done
 but soon after 3 days drip fertigation @ 3m3 of water/1,000 m2
area having 20:20:20 of NPK in I5O ppm solution is applied.
 At other stages of growth 5-6m3 of water with 1OO:5O: 150 of
NPK is given and at the stage when marble sized flower buds
appear,
 Fertigation is done with KN03 only at the time when flower
buds show the flower colour of terminal buds in spray types
which normally takes 10-14 days of pinching and causes bud
break in all lateral shoots to flower uniformly.
Nutrition
 FYM: 3-5 kg/ m2
 N:P:K::30:10:15g/m2 at monthly interval
 Loose flowers: FYM: 10-15 ton, N: 150kg, P:

100kg, K:120 kg/ ha)

 Spray of light solution of cake + SSP at bud

developing stage is very beneficial.

 Apply nitrogen through CAN source as urea

causes phyto-toxicity.
 Special operations
 Pinching:
◦ Twice after 4 and 8 weeks of transplanting
◦ growth is mostly upwards with very little branching.
◦ To arrest such tall growth, a single procedure called ‘pinching’ is used.
◦ Only soft vegetative shoot tips 1.5 to 3.0 cm long are removed. Pinching is one of the most important
operations in small flowered chrysanthemum.
◦ Pinching increases the number of flowering stems in each plant.
 De-shooting:
◦ Retain 4-5 shoots in standard and 8-12 shoots in spray cultivars.
◦ These operations are mostly performed for long flowering & decorative type chrysanthemum
 Disbudding:
◦ Remove lateral buds in standard and terminal bud in spray cultivars.
 Desuckering:
◦ For proper and vigorous growth of the plant; suckers are removed from time to time.
◦ Without desuckering, the main plant will loose vigour and become weak.
 Scheduling
◦ Chrysanthemums can be scheduled to flower for any day of the year by lighting to keep plants
vegetative or by placing plants under short days’ black cloth to induce flowering.
 Staking:
 Staking is necessary to keep plants erect and to maintain proper shape of plants and bloom.
 Wire mesh, plastic nets, string or bamboo canes are used to support plants.
 Wire mesh or plastic nets having inner size of 10-15 cm squares are placed on the ground in
three layers, which are erected at 20, 35 and 50 cm above the ground level with the growing
plants.
 String or rope is erected in three rows at the same distance along the rows.
 In pots for standard cultivars single bamboo stick is used and in spray cultivars 3-4 sticks are
placed on the sides to protect the plant.
 Stakes are prepared mostly from bamboo sticks. Staking of plants is required for vertical
support of the plants.
Use of growth regulators
 Growth inhibitors are the most common among growth
regulators used in chrysanthemum to avoid the
production of extra longer seedlings at nursery stage
and also in growing crop in greenhouse.
 The use of Alar, Oagide and B-9 are most widely used.
 The growth inhibitors are taken up through young
leaves and hardly transported to other parts of plants.
 Alar (64%) @ 3g/l in 50 litres/1000m2 area is sprayed
at 10 and 20 days after the beginning of the short day
period.
Pest Management
 Aphids (Myzus persicae). .
This are small greenish to black dot like insects which are seen in large number
sucking the sap from the tender parts like stem tips, flower buds and young leaves.
The affected flower buds fail to open and dry up before opening. Damage begins in
December and is in peak during Feb-March.
◦ Control : spraying at fortnightly interval with 0.02% Phosphomidon.

 Mites (Tetranychus urticae). .

Very minute dot-like insects of red colour seen on the under surface of leaves,
particularly in hot dry season. The affected flower buds fail to open and dry up even
before opening.
◦ Control : Spray of 0.05% Dicofol or 0.05% Vertimac or Pentac at fortnightly
interval.
 Thrips (Thrips tabaci). .
Thrips cause damage to summer blooming varieties. Infected flowers become
discoloured & dry.
◦ Control : Spraying Dimethoate at 0.05 % , 2 or 3 times at 15 days interval.
Disease Management
 Root rot.(Pythium spp or Phytophthora spp)
In this disease the infected plant suddenly wilt the plant parts like roots, stems,
leaves.
Control
◦ Provide good drainage conditions to prevent water logging.
◦ Soil drench with Thiram or Captan or mixture of both at the rate of 2.5 g/m 2 area prevents the
infection.
◦ Mancozeb, Metalaxyl and Fosetyl also used for control.
 Leaf spot: (Septoriachrysanthemella). .
Grayish brown spots appear on leaves which turn yellow surroundings. When
flowering starts, the infection occurs on flower buds, which rot completely. The
disease spreads from down to upwards.
Control
◦ Spraying with Mancozeb at fortnightly interval helps in controlling the disease.
◦ Burning and destroying of infected leaves.
◦ Spray of Copper Oxychloride (0.2%)
 Wilt: (Verticillium dahliae.)
The leaves turn yellow to grey and the branch or whole plant wilts
gradually. It may occur due to a number of diseases, disorders or
even just lack of water.
Control
◦ Solarization of soil by using black polythene mulch during summer months.
◦ Soil treatment with Dithane M-45 (0.2%)
◦ Dipping of rooted cuttings in Benomyl suspension before planting.
◦ Use of resistant varieties.

 Powdery mildew: (Oidium chrysanthemi).

There is powdery coating on the leaves appear. It may lead to
defoliation.
Control:
◦ Use of Sulphur fungicides or Carbendazim
Viral diseases
 Chrysanthemum stunt. .
Overall reduction in plant size, foliage become pale in colour, flower
may open prematurely. Disease occur diving pinching. This disease
occurs during pinching.
 Control
◦ Use of cuttings from virus free plants. .

 Chrysanthemum mosaic disease

1.Cuttings should be obtained from virus – free indexed stocks.
2.Removal and destruction of infected plants.
3.Destruction of the weed host.
4. Spraying suitable pesticide controls the vector and reduces the disease.
 Leaf miners (Phythomgza syngenesiae): .
Incidence is maximum during March-June. The infestation is more severe in
polyhouse. The young maggot stage attacks the leaves by making tunnels
in between the upper and lower surface of the leaf. In severe cases, the
leaves completely dry up and fall off.
◦ Control
Removal & destruction of affected leaves help in containing the
spread.
Spraying of 0.05% Monocrotophos or 0.05% Triazophos.
 Leaf folder. .
All the larval stage attack the plant with the help of silky threads, the larve
folds the leaves starts feeding on leaves from inside.
◦ Control
Spray 0.02% Cypermethrin or 0.02% Decamethrin or 0.05% Quinolophos
at fortnightly interval.
Physiological disorder
 Several physiological disorder are seen in the species of
Chrysanthemum flowers due to uneven climatic condition
and seasons like-
 temperature change (high or low temperature than
required),
 humidity i.e, moisture content in air ,
 and other plant function disorders, nutrient deficiency
and toxicity , various symptoms are observed-
◦ a. Rotting of root
◦ b. Fading of colour of petals of Chrysanthemum flower
◦ c. Improper growth of plant and flower
◦ d. Chlorophyll deficiency in the leaf region thus yellowing of plant
Harvesting Stages:
 Standards: When outer row of florets start unfurling for
distant market and for local market half opened flowers.
 Sprays: Harvested for local market when two flowers
have opened and others have shown colour, while for
distant market when 50% flowers have shown colour.
 Loose flowers: Fully open flowers
 Pot mums: 50% buds have developed colour.
 Grading
 Chrysanthemums are graded based on the stem length, flower appearance,
number of flowers, stem straightness, colour and freshness of flowers.
 Standard Chrysanthemum are graded into Blue, Red, Green and Yellow,
 whereas spray types are graded into Gold, Silver and Bronze based on the
quality parameters.
 In Dutch market, spray chrysanthemums are graded into extra grade and
shorter grade.
 Yield:
◦ Standard: 2.5 to 4.5 lakh/ ha
◦ Spray: 1.5-1.75 lakh/ ha
◦ Yield in Greenhouse: 150-250 flower stems/m 2/year.
Packing:
 In bunches of 10, 20 or 25 in corrugated card board boxes of 91 x 43 x
15 cm (L x W x H) accommodates about 80-100 cut flowers of
chrysanthemum.
 Flower bunches are Wrapped in cellophane sleeves.
 The loose flowers are packed in bamboo baskets or gunny bags for
marketing.
 The capacity of bamboo baskets ranges from 1 to 7 kg while gunny bags
can accommodate 30 kg of loose flowers.
Storage
 The storage is an important aspect of flower cultivation
and marketing industries.
 It is stored under the protected condition so that it can be
exported in distant markets.
 Some prerequisite of storage of Chrysanthemum species
are as follows-
◦ 1. It is kept under low pressure and low oxygen condition.
◦ 2. The place where flowers are stored must have low temperature
condition.
◦ 3. The flowers must be placed vertically putting flower axis at the
top.
◦ 4. In case of loose flower it is stored or packed in bamboo basket
or gunny bags.
Transportation of flowers
 Transporting of flowers is done through train, trucks, ships (refrigerated) etc.
•
 Before a long day transport, it is better to keep flowers in water for at least 4
hours in a cold store.
 Among the cut flowers chrysanthemum are amongst the top three best
selling flower in all most all major flower consuming countries.
 Few striking features which have made this flower commercial in the
international market are:
◦ i. The standard type flowers fetch higher price though their share is less.
◦ ii. Spray types have smaller flower size and has major share in the world market.
◦ Iii. Maximum imports from European nation are from June to October.