RENEWABLE ENERGY

TECHNOLOGIES
1. INTRODUCTION

Energy production employing a renewable energy source, such as solar, wind, water
(hydro and tidal), biomass (biofuels and wastes), and geothermal heat, is referred to
as "renewable energy technology.“
The potential for renewable energy to contribute to the world's energy mix is crucial,
and to achieve the goal will take increased commitment, the improvement of
contemporary technologies, an energy-efficient strategy, and a funding framework.
This is feasible, particularly for usage in the context of heating and cooling in
buildings, renewable energy generation for industries, electric vehicles and liquid
biofuels in transportation, to name a few.
1. INTRODUCTION

Accelerated renewable energy investment, internalizing external costs, variable

renewable electricity integration, synergies with energy efficiency, sustainable
bioenergy markets, and universal access to modern energy from renewable sources
are further ways that this goal might be reached.
More research is being done on alternate sources and renewable energy production in
order to address the issues of sustainable energy supply.
2. ALTERNATIVE AND SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY SYSTEMS

Sustainable energy is produced using resources that won't endanger the environment
or the energy demands of future generations. Renewable energy is also found in the
most well-liked sustainable energy sources, such as wind, sun, and hydropower.
The idea that not all renewable energy sources are sustainable is supported by recent
observation. For instance, biomass from wood is regenerative but not sustainable.
Furthermore, if they are overused to the point that they cannot be replenished,
renewable energy sources may not be long-term viable.
This means that both current and future energy demands ought to be satisfied by
sustainable energy sources.
2.1. Solar Energy

Solar energy is the radiant heat and light from the Sun that is harvested by a variety
of technologies, including solar architecture, solar thermal energy (including solar
water heating), and solar power to produce electricity.
It is a crucial source of renewable energy, and depending on how solar energy is
captured, distributed, or transformed into solar power, its technologies are often
classified as passive solar or active solar.
By 2050, the sun's abundant and unrestricted energy supply will be able to supply
1/6 of the world's low temperature heating and cooling needs. At a temperature of
about 10 to 15 mega kelvin, where 600 million tons of hydrogen nuclei fuse to form
helium, one septillion (1024) joules of energy are released every day.
2.1.1. Passive Solar Energy

Is the use of the sun's energy directly for either heating or cooling purposes
Passive solar energy systems do not use mechanical or electronic methods to gather
or transform energy, unlike photovoltaic systems or other technological solar power
applications.
For instance; When solar radiation is captured and amplified, concentrated solar
power, (CSP), generates electrical energy or heat. In this way, a particular fluid is
heated to produce steam, which can then be utilized as simple building heat or stored
in an unique thermal insulating salt to power turbines and generate energy.
Otherwise, photovoltaic cells are used to transform solar radiation.
2.1.2. Photovoltaic (PV) plants

A photovoltaic (PV) system is made up of one or more solar panels, batteries, a

charger controller, an inverter, and other mechanical and electrical elements that
capture solar energy to produce electricity. PV systems come in a wide range of
sizes, from compact rooftop or portable units to enormous utility-scale power plants.
PV cells found in solar panels capture solar energy from the sun and transform it into
electricity. A module is made up of a series of these silicon-based semiconductor
energy-transmitting cells.
2.1.2. Photovoltaic (PV) plants
2.2 Wind Energy

The main form of wind energy is the use of wind turbines to produce power. In
comparison to burning fossil fuels, wind energy is a well-liked, environmentally
friendly, renewable energy source.
Wind energy has historically been used to power sails, windmills, and wind pumps,
but today it is primarily employed to produce electricity.
Wind turbines use this natural occurrence for their own purposes. The two
classifications of turbines that are most frequently used are horizontal-axis and
vertical-axis turbines. Numerous separate wind turbines connected to the electrical
power transmission network make up wind farms.
2.2 Wind Energy

New onshore (on-land) wind farms are less expensive than new coal or gas facilities,
but subsidies for fossil fuels prevent wind power from growing.
This formula can be used to calculate a wind turbine's power:
xƍ
Where; A is the area of the rotor , V is the wind speed and ƍ is the air density.
2.2 Wind Energy
2.3. Hydropower Energy
The idea of hydropower is generated from the movement or fall of water in rivers,
lakes, or when it is dammed up and stored.
This potential energy can be converted to mechanical energy and then to electricity
by rotating a large electromagnet rotor housed inside a cylindrical stator that is made
of coils.
The rotor then rotates in accordance with Faraday's law after the water power pushes
the turbines' blades. Consequently, a change in the magnetic field flux causes the
creation of electric current (electricity).
A means of producing sustainable energy is hydropower. Nowadays, hydropower is
mostly utilized to generate hydroelectric power. It is also employed as one
component of pumped-storage hydroelectricity.
2.3. Hydropower Energy

A dam's power output can be expressed numerically as:

Where; Q is the quantity of reservoir water, H is the Head of the Dam, g is the
gravitational acceleration (, is the electrical conversion efficiency & is the
turbine efficiency.
2.3. Hydropower Energy
2.4. Tidal Energy

The potential created by the forces of the earth and the gravitational pulls of the sun
and moon causes the ocean to move continuously up and down or back and forth,
creating currents (the tidal effect), and it directs how a tidal energy system works to
produce electricity. The moon's (70%) and the sun's (30%) gravitational pulls on the
Earth cause the sea water to rise and fall on a regular basis.
The flow effect is either categorized as a tidal barrage or stream system, and it
produces mechanical energy that can spin turbines.
2.4. Tidal Energy

As a result, electromagnetic induction transforms ocean motion into electrical

potential.
For tidal and currents energy conversion, a wide range of conditions, categories,
and technologies have been covered. These include oscillating hydrofoils,
vertical axis turbines, venturi effect turbines, horizontal axis turbines, and
horizontal, cross-flow, and vertical tidal current converter devices.
Although the technology is predictable, dependable, and sustainable, the
installation, setup, and maintenance cost as well as the threat to ocean life limits
its promotion.
2.4. Tidal Energy
2.5. Geothermal Energy

The name "geothermal" is derived from the Greek words "geo" (which means
"earth") and "thermo" (which means "heat").
Thermal energy in the form of pressured heat, transported in continuous translational
motion from the planet's center to the surface as one explores further into the Earth
and the temperature rises toward the planet's core.
Buildings can be heated directly with the steam and heat produced, or electricity can
be produced indirectly using the steam turbines.
2.5. Geothermal Energy
2.6. Biomass Energy

Plant-based biomass is used as a fuel to generate heat or electricity.

Examples include wood and its byproducts, energy crops, agricultural trash, and
household, farm, and industrial garbage.
The most popular form of biomass is wood, which is not sustainable. In contrast,
biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel are altering public perceptions about how
effectively using waste and agricultural products may improve the energy industry.
The innovation and use of bio-gas to fuel automobiles and maintain the supply of
electricity in tiny communities and distant islands has become the order of the day.
Renewable energy sources are plentiful, around for a long time, and ready to be
used.
2.6. Biomass Energy
2.7. Fusion Energy

Nuclear fusion, as contrast to the fission process, occurs when one or more light
nuclei join to generate heavier nuclei.
This phenomenon happens in other stars, such as the Sun. On Earth, fusion requires
the production and maintenance of a plasma. Plasmas are gases that are so heated
that atomic nuclei's electrons are released.
The difficulties associated with radioactive wastes, materials that can withstand the
generated heat, and the time and effort required to keep the materials closely
together before fusion occurs, despite the technology being recommended as one of
the most efficient and highly effective strategies and alternative techniques to
achieve energy freedom, have led to a stagnation in the consideration of fusion
technology.
2.7. Fusion Energy

Fusion can provide energy by joining two hydrogen isotopes—deuterium and tritium
—with helium nuclei:
→
2.8. Fuel cell

A clean, dependable, and sustainable method of meeting the demand for

electricity is fuel-cell technology.
It is compared to being a type of energy storage device that operates similarly to
a battery on the theory that hydrogen and oxygen atoms interact chemically to
make water and current.
Heat is then released as a result of this reaction. When a catalyst is present and
gaseous fuel mixes, electricity is created (platinum nanoparticles).
2.8. Fuel cell

Molecular hydrogen, for instance, reacts to produce two H+ ions and two electrons.
Electricity is therefore created as a result of an electromotive force that conducts the
electrons. Water is created when hydrogen and oxygen mix with one other, while
energy is also generated.
2.8. Fuel cell
4. PROSPECTS AND PERSPECTIVES

As investment rises, the cost of renewable energy technology is falling rapidly, as

seen all across the world. The best hope for a green society in the future is the
creation and installation of the required technologies and the execution of emerging
initiatives to reduce climate change anomalies.
As a result, thanks to the burning of fossil fuels, both the price of energy and the
amount of carbon dioxide released into the environment are reduced.
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