CNC Machine tools

CNC stands for Computerized Numerical Control. It is a computerized

manufacturing process in which pre-programmed software and code controls
the movement of production equipment
Working of CNC-
Principles types of CNC machine-
1 – CNC Lathes and Turning Machines
2 – CNC Milling Machines
3 – CNC Laser Machines
4 – CNC Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM)
5 – CNC Plasma Cutting Machines
6 – CNC Grinding Machine
7 – CNC Drilling Machine

CNC Lathes and Turning Machines

• CNC lathes and turning machines are characterized by their ability to rotate (turn)
materials during the machining operation. The cutting tools for these machines are
fed in a linear motion along the rotating bar stock; removing material around the
circumference until the desired diameter (and feature) is achieved.
CNC lathes and turning machines can create internal and external features on the
component: drilled holes, bores, broaches, reamed holes, slots, tapping, tapers and
threads. Components made on CNC lathes and turning centers include screws, bolts,
shafts, poppets, etc.
CNC Milling Machines
CNC milling machines are characterized
by their ability to rotate cutting tools while
holding the material workpiece/block stationary.
They can produce a wide range of shapes including
face-milled features (shallow, flat surfaces and
cavities in the workpiece) and peripheral milled
features (deep cavities such as slots and threads).
Components produced on CNC milling machines
are typically square or rectangular shapes with a
variety of features.
• CNC Laser Machines
CNC laser machines have a pointed router with a highly focused laser
beam that is used to precisely cut, slice or engrave materials. The laser
heats the material and causes it to melt or vaporize, creating a cut in the
material. Typically, the material is in a sheet format and the laser beam
moves back and forth over the material to create a precise cut.
This process can produce a wider range of designs than conventional
cutting machines (lathes, turning centers, mills), and often produce cuts
and/or edges that do not require additional finishing processes.
For example, it can be difficult to machine a logo and company name
into a CNC turned or CNC milled component. However, laser
engraving can be used to add this to the component even after the
machining operations are complete.
• CNC Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM)
• A CNC electric discharge machine (EDM) uses highly controlled
electrical sparks to manipulate materials into a desired shape. It can also
be called spark eroding, die sinking, spark machining or wire burning.
• A component is placed under the electrode wire, and the machine is
programmed to emit an electrical discharge from the wire which
produces intense heat (up to 21,000 degrees Fahrenheit). The material is
melted or flushed away with liquid to create the desired shape or feature.
• EDM is most often used for creating precise micro holes, slots, tapered
or angled features and a variety of other more-complicated features in a
component or workpiece. It is typically used for very hard metals that
would be difficult to machine to the desire shape or feature. A great
example of this is the typical gear.
• CNC Plasma Cutting Machines
CNC plasma-cutting machines are also used to cut materials. However,
they perform this operation using a high-powered plasma
(electronically-ionized gas) torch that is controlled by a computer.
Similar in function to a handheld, gas-powered torch used for welding
(up to 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit), plasma torches achieve up to 50,000
degrees Fahrenheit. The plasma torch melts through the workpiece to
create a cut in the material.
As a requirement, anytime CNC plasma cutting is employed, the
material being cut must be electrically conductive. Typical materials are
steel, stainless steel, aluminum, brass and copper.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW8GF_BHcw0&t=467s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW8GF_BHcw0&t=467s
CNC Drilling Machines
CNC drilling is a machining process that utilizes a rotating cutting tool
to produce round holes in a stationary workpiece. The holes are
typically made to accommodate machine screws or bolts for assembly
purposes. However, they can be used for aesthetic purposes depending
on the design of the component.
CNC Grinding Machine
• CNC grinding machines are machine tools which use a rotating grinding wheel to
achieve material removal on a metallic workpiece by means of cutting. Grinding
machines are mostly used for the hard-fine machining of workpieces (parts). The
surface quality which can be achieved is very high, and grinding machines thus
almost always find application in modern industry as a finishing process.
ISO CODING OF CNC INSERTING TURNING TOOL