COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS
 Communication Systems
■ The communication system is a system model that describes a
communication exchange between two stations, transmitter, and
receiver. Signals or information passes from source to destination
through a channel. It represents a way in which the signal uses it to
move from a source toward its destination. To transmit signals in a
communication system, it should first be processed by beginning
from signal representation, to signal shaping until encoding and
modulation. After the transmitted signal is prepared, it is passed to
the transmission line of the channel. Due to signal crossing this
media, it is faced with many impairments like noise, attenuation,
and distortion.
■ The process of transferring the information between two points is
called communication. The main elements needed to communicate
are the transmitter to send the information, the medium to send the
information and the receiver to receive the information on the
other end.
Types of Communication Systems

■ Based on physical infrastructure there are two types of communication systems:

– Line communication systems: Uses the existing infrastructure of power lines to
transfer data from one point to another point.
– Radio Communication systems: uses the infrastructure of radio waves to transfer
the information from one point to another point.
■ There is a physical link, called a hardwire channel between the transmitter and the
receiver inline communication systems.
Based on Signal specifications:

■ Signal specifications that are used to decide the type of communication system are:
– Nature of the baseband or information signal: Baseband signals is a technology
which can access the signals with very low frequency and also near zero
frequency and based on the nature of the transmitted signal, the baseband
signal can either be transmitted as it is without modulation or through a carrier
signal with modulation.
Further, communication systems are
divided into:
■ Analog communication systems: The Analog system conveys the information from
the audio, video and pictures between two points using the analogue signals. A
sinusoidal signal is an example of an analogue communication system.
■ Digital communication systems: Digital communication has become very
important in the age of the internet. It is a physical exchange of information between
two points discreetly. The information exchange happens through digital signals.
■ Baseband communication system: Baseband communication is the transfer of
signals that are not amplified to higher frequencies. They help in transferring signals
with near-zero frequency.
■ Carrier communication system: Carrier communication systems transfer the
information especially voice messages and calls by improving the frequency much
higher than the actual rate.
Further, communication systems are
divided into:
■ Out of four, a minimum of two types is needed to specify any communication
system. Thus, two groups are formed consisting of each of the two types such that at
least one of the types from each group is necessarily required to specify a
communication system. These groups can be formed as:
– Analog/digital communication systems
– Baseband/carrier communication systems

■ To completely define any communication system, four out of the eight types are
required. If any type is missing, then the description of the communication system
will be incomplete.
Wireless and Wired communication
system
■ Wireless communication systems use radio waves,
electromagnetic waves and infrared waves to communicate
from one point to another point and the wire communication
system uses wire, optical fibre which works on the
phenomenon of total internal reflection to communicate from
one point to another point.
■ Wireless communication is further divided into satellite
communication, ground wave communication, skywave and
space wave communication. The satellite communication
receives the signals from the earth and resends them back to
another point on the earth with the help of a transponder.
Wired communication is further divided into parallel wire,
twisted wire, optical fibre and coaxial wired communication.
Terms Used in Communication Systems

■ Signal
– A signal is that information that has been converted into a digital format. Analog signals (such as
human voice) or digital signals (binary data) are inputted to the system, processed within the
electronic circuits for transmission, then decoded by the receiver. The system is claimed to be
reliable and effective; only errors are minimized within the process.
■ Communication Channel
– A communication channel is a medium by which a signal travels.
■ Transducer
– The device used to convert one form of energy into another form is a transducer.
■ Receiver
– A receiver is a device that receives the signals sent/ transmitted by the senders and decodes them
into a form that is understandable by humans.
Terms Used in Communication Systems

■ Attenuation
– Attenuation is the reduction in the strength of analog or digital signal as it is
transmitted over a communication medium.
■ Amplitude
– An amplitude of the signal refers to the strength of the signal.
■ Amplification
– Amplification is the process to strengthen the amplitude of the signals using an
electronic circuit.
■ Bandwidth
– Bandwidth explains the range of frequency over which a signal has been transmitted.
Terms Used in Communication Systems
■ Modulation
– As the original message signal can't be transmitted over an outsized distance due to their low frequency
and amplitude, they're superimposed with high frequency and amplitude waves called carrier waves. This
phenomenon of superimposing a message signal with a carrier wave is called modulation. And the
resultant wave is a modulated wave which is to be transmitted.
Different Types of Modulation.
■ Amplitude Modulation (AM)
■ Frequency Modulation (FM)
■ Phase Modulation (PM)
■ Demodulation
– Demodulation takes a modulated signal and then extracts the original message from it.
■ Repeater
– The repeater extends the range of communication systems by amplifying the signals.
■ Noise
– Any electrical signal which interferes with an information signal is called noise.
Did You Know?
■ Communication Is Related To Every Human Activity.
■ Communication in Organization Flows in Various Patterns.
■ Communication Is Media or Channel Based
■ There are around 250 billion emails sent every day. Around 80% of these are spam.
■ Around 20 hours of video are uploaded to YouTube every minute.
■ Fiber optics are good because they use less energy and are better for the environment than electrical
wires. They are also very resistant to weather.
■ The first telephone pole was built in 1876.
■ There are over 4 billion cell phones within the world and phones that are thrown away every year are
over 100 million.
■ The first cell phone was invented by a company called Motorola.
■ Over 3.8 billion people use the internet, which is 40% of the world's population.
■ The first smiley appeared in 1979, it first looked like this -) then three years later a colon was added to
it and it took the form of :-) this.
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