Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hematology
Hematology
blood
Rh angers uring !regnancy Rh angers uring !regnancy
Slide Slide
10.29a 10.29a
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O anger is only when the mother is Rh
mother carrying
an Rh
+
baby can cause problems for the
unborn child
O The first pregnancy usually proceeds without
problems
O The immune system is sensitized after the first
pregnancy
O n a second pregnancy, the mother's immune
system produces antibodies to attack the Rh
+
blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
Blood Typing Blood Typing
Slide 10.30 Slide 10.30 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Blood samples are mixed with anti- and
anti-B serum
O Coagulation or no coagulation leads to
determining blood type
O Typing for BO and Rh factors is done in
the same manner
O Cross matching testing for
agglutination of donor RBCs by the
recipient's serum, and vice versa
evelopmental spects of Blood evelopmental spects of Blood
Slide 10.31 Slide 10.31 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Sites of blood cell formation
O The fetal liver and spleen are early sites of
blood cell formation
O Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by
the seventh month
O etal hemoglobin differs from
hemoglobin produced after birth
HENATOLOCY HENATOLOCY study of the study of the
formed elements of the blood formed elements of the blood
(red blood cells, while blood (red blood cells, while blood
cells, platelets) as well as blood cells, platelets) as well as blood
typing and blood coagulation. typing and blood coagulation.
HENATOLOC!C SPEC!NENS HENATOLOC!C SPEC!NENS
CBC CBC -- basic tool for enumeration of RBC, WBC, basic tool for enumeration of RBC, WBC,
platelets platelets
RBC RBC
RBC Count RBC Count -- polycythemia, erythrocytosis, polycythemia, erythrocytosis,
high altitude, CvS diseases high altitude, CvS diseases
Hemoglobin Hemoglobin Hg content of blood Hg content of blood
Hematocrit Hematocrit -- volume of packed cells volume of packed cells
RBC !ndices RBC !ndices NCv (vitamin NCv (vitamin
deficiencies) deficiencies)
NCH NCH
NCHC (anemias, NCHC (anemias,
blood loss) blood loss)
RED CELL !ND!CES RED CELL !ND!CES
Nean corpuscular volume: hematocrit/RBC Nean corpuscular volume: hematocrit/RBC
to 3 cubic microns, macrocytosis or to 3 cubic microns, macrocytosis or
microcytosis, pernicious anemia microcytosis, pernicious anemia
Nean corpuscular hemoglobin (NCH): Nean corpuscular hemoglobin (NCH):
hemoglobin/RBC hemoglobin/RBC
to 31 picograms to 31 picograms
Nean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration Nean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
(NCHC): hemoglobin/hematocrit (NCHC): hemoglobin/hematocrit
3 to 36 g/dL, hyperchromia or hypochromia 3 to 36 g/dL, hyperchromia or hypochromia
N!SCELLANEOUS CELLS N!SCELLANEOUS CELLS
!mmature Cells !mmature Cells -- leukemia, lymphoma leukemia, lymphoma
Atypical lymphocytes (Downey cells, Atypical lymphocytes (Downey cells,
virocytes) virocytes) -- leukemia, viral hepatitis leukemia, viral hepatitis
Plasma cells Plasma cells -- multiple myeloma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, leukemia,
Toxic granulation Toxic granulation stippling in cytoplasm, stippling in cytoplasm,
severe infection or toxemia severe infection or toxemia
ABNORNAL!T!ES !N ABNORNAL!T!ES !N
HENATOLOC!C SPEC!NENS HENATOLOC!C SPEC!NENS
Abnormalities in cell shape Abnormalities in cell shape
ovalocytosis ovalocytosis nucleated RBC nucleated RBC
sickling sickling Howell Howell ]olly bodies ]olly bodies
Burr cells Burr cells spherocytes spherocytes
Hereditary disorders Hereditary disorders
Sickle cell anemia Sickle cell anemia
Thalassemia Thalassemia
hereditary elliptocytosis hereditary elliptocytosis
C6PD deficiency C6PD deficiency
ABNORNAL BLOOD PRODUCTS ABNORNAL BLOOD PRODUCTS
Nethemoglobin Nethemoglobin
increased ferrous iron is oxidized to ferric increased ferrous iron is oxidized to ferric
state ( resulting in deranged oxygen state ( resulting in deranged oxygen
transport) transport)
inborn errors of metabolism inborn errors of metabolism
Carboxyhemoglobin Carboxyhemoglobin
hg + CO, hg + CO, carbon monoxide poisoning carbon monoxide poisoning
* Cyanmethemoglobin * Cyanmethemoglobin -- cyanide poisoning cyanide poisoning
determination determination
OTHER BLOOD TESTS OTHER BLOOD TESTS
Osmotic Fragility Test Osmotic Fragility Test
hemolysis hemolysis
Reticulocyte Count Reticulocyte Count
Erythrocyte Erythrocyte
Sedimentation (ESR) Sedimentation (ESR)
Rate: N>F Rate: N>F
increased in increased in acute acute
and chronic and chronic
inflammatory inflammatory conditions conditions
(PTB, ARF, RA) (PTB, ARF, RA)
Blood Typing Blood Typing ABO ABO
Rhesus factor: Rh+ Rhesus factor: Rh+
(majority) = Rh (majority) = Rh
(minority (minority))
COACULAT!ON D!SORDERS COACULAT!ON D!SORDERS
Hemophilia A Hemophilia A absence of Factor v!!! absence of Factor v!!!
Hemophilia B Hemophilia B -- absence of Factor !X absence of Factor !X
!diopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura !diopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
(!TP) (!TP)
Clanzmann's disease (thrombasthenia) = Clanzmann's disease (thrombasthenia) =
normal platelet count but impaired normal platelet count but impaired
function function
Disseminated !ntravascular Coagulation Disseminated !ntravascular Coagulation
(D!C) (D!C) imbalance between coagulation imbalance between coagulation
and fibrinolysis (trauma, shock, and fibrinolysis (trauma, shock,
pregnancy, parturition) pregnancy, parturition)
PLATELET D!ACNOST!CS PLATELET D!ACNOST!CS
BLEED!NC T!NE BLEED!NC T!NE -- prolonged in deficiencies or prolonged in deficiencies or
abnormalities of platelets abnormalities of platelets
CLOTT!NC T!NE CLOTT!NC T!NE -- from a WHOLE blood from a WHOLE blood
specimen specimen
PLATELET COUNT PLATELET COUNT -- increased in collagen increased in collagen
diseases, decreased in toxic or diseased states diseases, decreased in toxic or diseased states
PROTHRONB!N T!NE PROTHRONB!N T!NE -- time required to form a time required to form a
clot. >1 (!NR) means it is prolonged and may clot. >1 (!NR) means it is prolonged and may
mean a deficiency of prothrombin, vitamin K, mean a deficiency of prothrombin, vitamin K,
anticoagulants anticoagulants
PART!AL THRONBOPLAST!N T!NE PART!AL THRONBOPLAST!N T!NE -- clotting clotting
factor deficiency (N: to 3 secs) factor deficiency (N: to 3 secs)
CLOT RETRACT!ON CLOT RETRACT!ON -- function of platelet function of platelet
activity activity