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com

Chemistry PROJECT
CHEMISTRY Project
on
On
"Determination of contents of Cold Drinks"
Determination Of The
Contents Of
Cold Drinks

PROJECT
Project PREPARED
Report By: BY:
GaAakashuravs
Shubhneet Arora
XII- BXIIXII -
angal
A
Session: 2016-
17 22Sess60i
Sess
Kendriya
oionn:- 20:
Vidyalaya
Mankhurd
11 2011--
Submitted
081212-to Mrs.
 AIM
Aim

COMPARITIVE STUDY AND QUALITATIVE

COMPARITIVE STUDY AND QUALITATIVE
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT BRANDS OF
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT BRANDS OF
COLD DRINKS AVAILABLE IN MARKET.
COLD DRINKS AVAILABLE IN MARKET.
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Certificate
This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine
investigation work has been carried out to investigate
about the subject matter and the related data
collection and investigation has been completed solely,
sincerely and satisfactorily by Shubhneet Arora of
CLASS XII B,
Kendriya Vidyalaya Mankhurd, regarding his project
titled “Determination of the Contents of Cold
Drinks”.

Signature of Teacher

Signature of Principal School‟s Stamp

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound sense
of gratitude and respect to all
throu g h o uthose
t this venture.
who helped me

I owe my regard to Mrs. K Prabavathi, Principal of K.V

,Mankhurd, for her cooperation an d valuable support a n d
for giving me the opportunity to u n d e r t a k e this project
work and providing the necessary infrastructure.

I would like to express my heartfelt than ks to my revered

teacher an d guide Mrs. Nu p u r Sh arma (Chemistry
teacher) an d Mr. De e p a k for their valuable guidance,
encouragement and support throughout my studentship
u nd er their at the institute.

Last but not the least; I owe my overwhelming gratitude to

my family and friends who gave me co n stan t s u p p o rt
and motivation to continue with this endeavor.
 Purpose
PURPOSEURPOSE
In recent days, soft drink brands were put into
various questions
In recent regarding
days, their purity.
soft drink brands News
were put
flashed
into that they contain harmful pesticide, which
various
arouse manyquestions
interest inregarding
knowing itstheir purity. News
contents
flashedI have
because thatbeen
they contain
drinking themharmful pesticide,
for years. I
which arouse many interest in knowing its contents
wanted to confirm that whether the charge
because I have been drinking them for years. I
imposed
wantedon these brandsthat
to confirm are true or not. the charge
whether
imposed on these brands are true or not.
Another fact which inspired me to do this project is
thatAnother
I am infact
touchwhich
withinspired me to
qualitative do thiswhose
analysis project is
that I am
knowledge in other
with touch factors
with qualitative
helped meanalysis whose
to do so.
knowledge with other factors helped me to do so.
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CONTENTS
CONTENT
S
I. Introduction
I. Introduction
II. Theory
II.III.
Theory
Apparatus
III. Apparatus
IV. Chemicals Required
IV. Chemicals Required
V. V.Detection
Detection of pH
of pH
VI.Test
VI. Testfor
forCarbon
Carbon Dioxide
Dioxide
VII.
VII.Test
Testfor
forGlucose
lucose
VIII. Test for Phosphate
III.Test
IX. Testfor
forAlcohol
Phosphate
X.IX.TestTest
for for
Sucrose
Alcohol
XI.
X. Result
Test for Sucrose
XII.
XI. Conclusion
Result
XII. Conclusion
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INTRODUCTIO
INTRODUCTION
N
The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the
The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but
industrialization
the in India marked its beginning with
launching of Limcainand
industrialization Goldspot
India marked by its
parley group with
beginning
oflaunching
companies. ofSince,
Limcatheandbeginning of cold
Goldspot drinks group
by parley
was highly profitable
of companies. andthe
Since, luring, many of cold drinks
beginning
multinational
was highly companies launched
profitable and their brands in
luring, many
India like Pepsi companies
multinational and Coke. launched their brands in
India
Now likeitPepsi
days, and Coke.
is observed in general that majority
of people viewed Sprite, Miranda, and Limca to
Now
give days,ofitlightness,
feeling is observed in Pepsi
while general
andthat majority of
Thumps
Uppeople viewed
to activate pulseSprite, Miranda, and Limca to give
and brain.
feeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up to
activate pulse and brain.
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THEORY
THEORY
ColdCold
drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol,
drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol,
carbohydrates,
carbohydrates,carbon
carbondioxide, phosphate
dioxide, ionsions
phosphate etc. These soft drinks
etc. These soft
givedrinks
feelinggive
of warmth, lightness
feeling of warmth,and have a and
lightness tangy tastea which
have tangy is liked
taste
by everyone. Carbon
which is liked dioxide is Carbon
by everyone. responsible for istheresponsible
dioxide formationforof froth
the
formation
on shaking ofbottle.
the froth on shaking the bottle.

TheThe carbon
carbon dioxide
dioxide gasgasis isdissolved
dissolvedininwater
watertotoform
formcarbonic
carbonic acid
acid
which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the
which is alsooccurring
naturally responsible for thecompounds
organic tangy taste. andCarbohydrates
are major source are theof
naturally occurring organic compounds and
energy to our body. General formula of carbohydrates is are major source of
energy
CX (Hto2O)
ourY. body. General formula of carbohydrates is (CH2O)n.
On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:
On the basis of their
Monosaccharide, molecule size
Disaccharides andcarbohydrates
Polysaccharides. are classified
Glucoseas:- is a
monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 .It occurs in Free State in
theMonosaccharide,
ripen grapes, inDisaccharides
bones and also andinPolysaccharides.
many sweet fruits. Glucose is a
It is also
monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 .It occurs in Free State in
present in human blood to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one
the ripen grapes in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also
of the most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely
present in human blood to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one
distributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of many
of the most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely
plants. The main
distributed sourceinofjuices,
in nature sucrose is sugar
seeds caneinjuice
and also which
flowers of many
contain
plants. The main source of sucrose is sugar cane juice10-17
15-20 % sucrose and sugar beet which has about which %
sucrose.
containThe molecular
15-20 % sucroseformula of sucrose
and sugar is C12H22O11.
beet which has about 10-17 It is %
produced
sucrose.byThe a mixture of glucose
molecular formulaand of fructose.
sucrose It is isCnon-reducing
12H22O11. It is in
nature whereas
produced by aglucose
mixtureisofreducing. Cold
glucose and drinks are
fructose. It is anon-reducing
bit acidic in
nature and their
in nature acidity
whereas can is
glucose bereducing.
measuredCold by finding
drinks aretheir pHacidic
a bit value.
TheinpH values
nature andalso depend
their acidityuponcan the acidic contents
be measured by findingsuch their
as citric
pH
acidvalue.
and phosphoric
The pH values acid.
also depend upon the acidic contents such as
citric acid and phosphoric acid.
 APPARATUS
APPARATUS
? est Tube
?Test?esTest?
Test Tube
tTTubeTuesTubtbeTubHol
Test Tube Holder
de e er
Test Tube Stand
?Test?esTeStop
st? Watch
Beaker
tTTubeTuesTtbeubTuHSat n
Burner
ebeoldHol pH Paper
Hold erd rerd
? ?topTest ?
Tripod Stand
W
T esTChina atc
t ubTuDishhebeStaS
tand
Testnd Tube
? eakWire Gauge
er
Stand
?Stop Water
? Bath
StopWWatatchch
?Stop?urB?
neakBWereaatekrcerh
?Be?HBurnaker?
PBapureerner p Hr
? ?riPape?
podpHrStanPapTriperd
od
Burner
? ?hinaStand?
TripodDishChiStandna
?pH?irDish?
ePaCGhinaperauWigeD
ishre
?Trip?atGaug?
erodWireBStaneatGauW
 Chemicals
Required
Iodine Solution
Potassium Iodine
Iodine Solution
Sodium
?
Hydroxide
Potassiu menidoI
Iodine Solution
Fehli?Sodiumng’s A
Potassium Iodinen
Hyd BroSoxilutideon
&
Sodium Hydroxide
Lim?Fehling’s A &erB Solution
Fehle Wating‟s
Lime Water
A&B
Concentrated HNO3
Benedict Solution
Solutio
Co? Ammonium Molybdate
ncenLimetratedWatHNe
r O3
?Concentrated HNO3
Be?neBenedictdict

SolutionSolution Amm?

AmonmoniumiuMmolybdM
olybatedate
 Detection of
DETECTION OFpH
PH
EXPERIMENT
Experiment
Small
Small samples
samplesof of cold
cold drinks
drinksofof different
different brands
brandswere
weretaken
takenininaatest
testtube
and
tubeput
andonput
theon
pHthepaper. The change
pH paper. in the color
The change in theofcolor
pH paper
of pHwas noticed
paper
and
waswas compared
noticed and waswithcompared
the standard pHthe
with scale.
standard pH scale.

OBSERVATION
Observations
SR. NO. NAME OF THE COLOUR pH VALUE
DRINK CHANGE
1 Coca Cola
COCA COLA Pink
PINK 2.5-3
2 Sprite
SPRITE Red
RED 3
3 Limca
LIMCA Pinkish
PINKISH 4
4 Fanta
FANTA Light Orange
LIGHT ORANGE 3-4

INFERENCE
Inference
Soft drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid
and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drink of different brands are
different due to the variation in amount of acidic contents.
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Test
TEST FORforCARBON
DIOXIDE
EXPERIMENT
As
As soon as the
the bottles
bottleswere
wereopened,
opened,one
one
byby
oneone
the the sample
sample was was passed
through lime water.
passed through limeThe limeThe
water. water turned
lime watermilky.
turned milky.

OBSERVATON
SR. NAME OF THE TIME TAKEN CONCLUSION
NO. DRINK (SEC.)
1 Coca cola
COCA COLA 26.5 CO2 IS
IS PRESENT
PRESENT
2 Sprite
SPRITE 21 CO2 IS
IS PRESENT
PRESENT
3 Limca
LIMCA 35 CO2IS
ISPRESENT
PRESENT
4 Fanta
FANTA 36 CO2IS
ISPRESENT
PRESENT

IInference
INFERnfere E
nc
All EN
Allthe
the e
soft
soft Cdrinkscontain
drinks contain dissolved
dissolved carbon
carbon dioxide
dioxide in water.
in water. TheThe
dioxide((CO) ) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is
2
carbon
carbon
dioxide ( )dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is
responsible for its tangy taste.
responsible for its tangy taste.

CHEMICALReaction
Chemical REACTIONInvolved:
INVOLVED
Ca(OH)2(s) + CO2(g) ----------- CaCO3(s) +
H2O(s)
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TestFOR
TEST for Glucose
GLUCOSE
Experiment
EXPERIMENT
Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following test:-
Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the
following
test:-

1. Benedicts's Reagent
1. BENEDICTS’S REAGENTtest:
TEST:-
Small samples
Small samples of
of cold
cold drinks
drinks of
ofdifferent
differentbrands
brandswere
weretaken
takeninina atest
testtube
tube
and a few drops of Benedict‟s reagent were added. The test tube was
and a few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added. The test tube was heated
heated
for fewforseconds.
few seconds. Formation
Formation of reddish
of reddish colorcolor confirmed
confirmed thethe presenceof
presence
of glucose
glucose in cold
in cold drinks.
drinks.

OBSERVATON
Observations
SR. NAME OF THE OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
NO. DRINK
1 Coca Cola REDDISH
Reddish COLOUR
colour GLUCOSE
Ppt. Glucose IS
is present
COCA COLA
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
2 Sprite REDDISH
Reddish COLOUR
colour GLUCOSE
Ppt. Glucose IS
is present
SPRITE
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
3 Limca REDDISH
Reddish COLOUR
colour GLUCOSE
Ppt. Glucose IS
is present
LIMCA
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
4 Fanta REDDISH
Reddish COLOUR
colour Ppt. Glucose
GLUCOSE IS
is present
FANTA
PRECIPITATE PRESENT

Inference
All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedict‟s reagent.
Hence all the drinks contain glucose.
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2.
2. FEHLING’S SOLUTION
Fehling's Solution TestTEST
Small
Small samples
samplesofofcold
colddrinks
drinksofof
different
differentbrands were
brands taken
were in aintest
taken tubetube
a test and
aand
fewa drops of Fehling‟s
few drops A solution
of Fehling’s and Fehling‟s
A solution B solution
and Fehling’s was added
B solution in
was added
equal amount.
in equal TheThe
amount. test test
tubetube
was was
heated in a water
heated bath bath
in a water for 10for
minutes.
10 minutes.
Appearance
Appearance of of brown
brown precipitate
precipitate confirmed
confirmed thethepresence
presenceofofglucose
glucoseinincoldcold
drinks.
drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NAME OF THE OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
NO. DRINK
1 Coca Cola REDDISH
Reddish BROWN
Brown Ppt. GLUCOSE
Glucose IS
is present
COCA COLA
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
2 Sprite REDDISH
Reddish BROWN
Brown Ppt. GLUCOSE
Glucose IS
is present
SPRITE
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
3 Limca REDDISH
Reddish BROWN
Brown Ppt. GLUCOSE
Glucose IS
is present
LIMCA
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
4 Fanta REDDISH
Reddish BROWN
Brown Ppt. GLUCOSE
Glucose IS
is present
FANTA
PRECIPITATE PRESENT

INFERENCE
Inference
All the
All thesamples
samplesgavegavepositive
positive
testtest
for for glucose
glucose with with Fehling’s
Fehling‟s (A solutions.
(A & B) & B)
solutions.
Hence all Hence alldrinks
the cold the cold drinksglucose.
contain contain glucose.
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TEST
Test FOR PHOSPHATE
for Phosphate
EXPERIMENT
Experiment
Smallsamples
Small samplesofofeach
eachbrand
brandofofcold
colddrinks
drinkswere
weretaken
takenininseparate
separatetest
testtubes
tubes
andAmmonium
and Ammonium Molybdate
Molybdate followed
followed by concentrated
by concentrated Nitric
Nitric AcidAcid (HNO
(HNO3) 3)
was
was added
added to solution
to it. The it. The was
solution wasAppearance
heated. heated. Appearance of canary-yellow
of canary-yellow precipitate
precipitate confirmed the presence of phosphate ions
confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks. in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NAME OF OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
NO. THE DRINK
1 Coca Cola CANARY-YELLOW
Canary-Yellow Ppt. PHOSPHATE
Phosphate IS
is present
COCA COLA
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
2 Sprite CANARY-YELLOW
Canary-Yellow Ppt. PHOSPHATE
Phosphate IS
is present
SPRITE
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
3 Limca CANARY-YELLOW PHOSPHATE IS
LIMCA Canary-Yellow Ppt. Phosphate is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
4 Fanta CANARY-YELLOW
Canary-Yellow Ppt. PHOSPHATE
Phosphate IS
is present
FANTA
PRECIPITATE PRESENT

INFERENCE
Inference
All the soft drinks
drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate
phosphate ions.
ions. Hence all
the coldall
Hence drinks contain
the cold phosphate.
drinks contain phosphate.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

Chemical Reaction Involved:
NaHPO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 + 3H+ ----------
(NH4)3PO4.12MoO3
+ 21HN4NO3 + 12H2O
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TESTTestFOR
for
Ac
o
lhol ALCOHOL
EXPERIMENT
Experiment
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test
tubes and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were
heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow colored
precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks

OBSERVATON
SR. NAME OF OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
NO. THE DRINK
1 Coca Cola
COCA COLA YellowYELLOW
Precipitate ALCOHOL
Alcohol IS
is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
2 Sprite
SPRITE YellowYELLOW
Precipitate ALCOHOL
Alcohol IS
is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
3 YELLOW ALCOHOL IS
Limca
LIMCA Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
4 YELLOW ALCOHOL IS
FANTA
Fanta Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT

INFERENCE
Inference
All the cold
All the cold drinks
drinks samples
samples gave
gavepositive
positivetest
testfor
foralcohol.
alcohol.Hence
Henceallallthethe
cold
cold drinks contain glucose.
drinks contain glucose.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

Chemical Reaction involved:
CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH ------ CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O
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TestFOR
TEST for SUCROSE
sucrose
EXPERIME
Exp NT eri
Experiment
ment
5 5mlml samples
samples of each
of each brand
brand of cold
of cold drinks
drinks were were
takentaken in separate
in separate china china
dishesand
dishes andwerewere heated
heated very
very strongly
strongly untiluntil changes
changes occur.
occur. BlackBlack colored
colored
residueleft
residue leftconfirmed
confirmedthe
thepresence
presenceofofsucrose
sucroseinin colddrinks.
cold drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NAME OF OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
NO. THE DRINK
1 Coca Cola SUCROSE
Sucrose IS
is Present
COCA COLA Black Residue
BLACK RESIDUE
PRESENT

2 Sprite SUCROSE
Sucrose IS
is Present
SPRITE Black Residue
BLACK RESIDUE
PRESENT

3 Limca Black Residue SUCROSE

Sucrose IS
is Present
LIMCA BLACK RESIDUE
PRESENT

4 Fanta SUCROSE IS
FANTA BLACK RESIDUE
Black Residue Sucrose is Present
PRESENT

INFERENCE
Inference
Allthe
All thebrands
brands of
of cold
cold drinks
drinks contain
contain sucrose. But amount
sucrose. But amount of sucrose varies
of sucrose
in eachinbrand
varies each of drink.
brand of Fanta
drink.contains highest amount
Fanta contains highest of sucrose.
amount of sucrose.
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Result
RESULT
After
Afterconducting
conductingseveral
severaltests,
tests,ititwas
wasconcluded
concludedthat
thatthe
thedifferent
differentbrands
brands of
ofcold
colddrinks
drinksnamely:
namely:

1. Coca
1. Cola
Coca Cola
2. Sprite
2. Sprite
3. Limca
3. Limca
4. Fanta
4. Fanta
All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide.
All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All
All cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of
colddifferent
drinks are acidicCoca
brands in nature.
Cola isOnthe
comparing the and
most acidic pH value
Limcaofisdifferent
least acidic
brands Coca Cola is the most acidic
of all the four brands taken. and Limca is least acidic of all the
four brands taken.

CARBON DIOXIDE
Among the
Among the four
foursamples
samplesofof
cold drinks
cold taken,
drinks Sprite
taken, has the
Sprite hasmaximum
the maximum
amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount
amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount of
of dissolved carbon dioxide.
dissolved carbon dioxide.
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CONCLUSIO
N
DIS-ADVANTAGES
Disadvantages OF
of COLD DRINKS
Cold drinks:
1.Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution. As they
contain sugar in large amount which cause problems in diabetes patients.
2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the body‟s
natural ability to suppress hunger feeling.
3.Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they are
also harmful for our bones.
4.Soft drinks contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH of 2.8. So
it can dissolve a nail in about 4 days.
5.For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck musthey
use the hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly consive
material.
6.Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they are very
harmful to our body.

Uses of Cold drinks:

1. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners.
2. They
7. Cold cancan
drinks remove rustasspots
be used toiletfrom chrome r humpers.
cleaners.
ca can remove rust spots from chrome car bumpers.
8. They 3. They clean corrosion
9. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals. from car battery terminals.
4. Soft
10.Soft drinks
drinks are are
usedused as an
as an excellent
excellent ‘detergent’
„detergent‟ to remove
to remove grease
grease from
from
clothes.
clothes.
5. They can loose a rusted bolt.
11.They can loose a rusted bolt.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LABORATORY MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY

DINESH COMPANION CHEMISTRY

WEBSITES —
http://www.cbseportal.com
http://www.google.com
http://www.Icbse.com
http://www.digilibrary.com