PHYSICS LAB

VIVA
MODEL QUESTONS S2 ME CET 2024
 EXPERIMENTS – CYLCLE I

• The Melde’s String

1

• Diffraction Grating - I
2

••Strain Gauge
The Newton’s Rings
3
4
EXPERIMENT 1: THE MELDE’S
STRING
 QUESTIONS :-

1. How do you identify a transverse wave?

2. How do you identify a longitudinal wave?
3. Give the formula to find the frequency of the tuning fork in longitudinal mode, using the
Melde’s string apparatus?
4. Give the formula to find the frequency of the tuning fork in transverse mode, using the
Melde’s string apparatus?
5. In Melde’s experiment, which type of wave is passing through the string?
6. What will happen to the frequency of vibration if mass of load and length of string are
increased?
EXPERIMENT 1: THE MELDE’S
STRING
 QUESTIONS :-

7. Why load taken in transverse mode is greater than load taken in longitudinal mode?
8. How can we hear a sound from the tuning fork?
9. What is the tuning fork made of and why?
10. How do you alter the frequency of the tuning fork?
11. Does temperature affect frequency of the tuning fork?
12. Why do we see sparks at the point of contact between screw and tuning fork?
13. When do the loops appear in the experiment?
EXPERIMENT 1: THE MELDE’S
STRING
 QUESTIONS :-

14. On what factors does length of loop depends on?

15. What is the relation between number of loops in longitudinal mode and transverse mode?
16. What is the natural frequency of the tuning fork?
17. What does Melde’s experiment calculate?
EXPERIMENT 1: THE MEDLE’S
STRING
 ANSWERS :-

1. In transverse wave, particle of the medium oscillates perpendicular to the direction of

propagation of wave.
2. In longitudinal wave, particle of the medium oscillates parallel to the direction of
propagation of wave. It travels in the form of compressions and rarefactions.
3. The formula for frequency of tuning fork in longitudinal mode is
EXPERIMENT 1: THE MEDLE’S
STRING
 ANSWERS :-

4. The formula for frequency of tuning fork in transverse mode is

5. The wave passing through Melde’s apparatus is transverse stationary waves or standing
waves irrespective of the transverse (or) longitudinal mode.
6. The frequency will remain unaffected as it is independent of the mass of string and load
attached to the string.
EXPERIMENT 1: THE MEDLE’S
STRING
 ANSWERS :-

7. It is because the prong of the tuning fork increases the surface tension once per cycle in
transverse mode but twice per cycle in longitudinal mode. In transverse mode of vibration,
the tuning fork vibrates with same number of oscillations as the string i.e., they have same
frequency, whereas in longitudinal mode of vibration, the string completes half the vibration
by the time tuning fork completes one vibration i.e., the string has half the frequency of the
tuning fork.
8. The vibrating prongs of the tuning fork produce longitudinal waves in air and the observer
can hear the sound from the tuning fork.
9. The tuning fork is made of an alloy of steel, nickel and chromium, called elinvar and it is
used because of its high elasticity.
EXPERIMENT 1: THE MEDLE’S
STRING
 ANSWERS :-

10. The frequency of the tuning fork can be decreased by increasing the load in the scale pan. It
can be achieved by adding some wax (or) cream.
11. As temperature increases, length of tuning fork increases leading to decrease in elasticity.
Hence the frequency of the tuning fork decreases.
12. The prong vibrates and circuit breaks, due to which a high emf is induced in the coil which
builds a large potential difference at the point of contact. Charge discharges from pointed
tip of screw producing sparks.
13. Loops appear in the experiment when the length of the string between prongs and pulley
becomes equal to half of the wavelength of the waves travelling in it.
EXPERIMENT 1: THE MEDLE’S
STRING
 ANSWERS :-

14. It depends on tension in the string and mass per unit length of the string.
15. The number of loops in longitudinal mode is equal to the half of number of loops in
transverse mode.
16. It is the frequency in which the tuning fork can oscillate at initial excitation.
17. The experiment calculates the natural frequency of the tuning fork.
EXPERIMENT 2: DIFFRACTION
GRATING - I
 QUESTIONS :-

1. What is diffraction?
2. Mention the 2 types of diffraction.
3. What is the type of diffraction used in diffraction grating experiment?
4. What is diffraction grating?
5. How are commercial gratings made?
6. What is grating element?
7. Why is light incident on the un-ruled side of the grating?
8. What is the condition for maxima and minima in diffraction grating?
EXPERIMENT 2: DIFFRACTION
GRATING - I
 QUESTIONS :-

9. What is the number of maxima and minima between 2 consecutive principal maxima?
10. What is the relation between number of slits and intensity of diffraction peak?
11. Why does colour red deviate the most?
12. What is the difference between prism and grating?
13. What is resolving power?
14. What is the VSDs and value of 1 MSD in spectrometer?
EXPERIMENT 2: DIFFRACTION
GRATING - I
EXPERIMENT 2: DIFFRACTION
GRATING - I
 ANSWERS :-

1. It is defined as the bending of waves around the corner of an obstacle or through an

aperture into the geometrical shadow of the obstacle.
2. The 2 types of diffraction are :-
a) Fresnel (Source and slit are at finite distance)
b) Fraunhofer (Source and slit are at infinite distance)
3. Fraunhofer diffraction is used in diffraction grating experiment because the source and slit
are effectively at infinite distance and since the incoming and outgoing rays are parallel, the
source and slit can be considered at infinite distance.
EXPERIMENT 2: DIFFRACTION
GRATING - I
 ANSWERS :-

4. It is an optical device which consists of a well polished glass or metal surface upon which a
large number of close, equidistant, parallel lines are drawn to resolve light into spectra.
( Earlier – Sharp diamond cutting tool, Now- Laser interferometer ). ( Slits – Opaque,
Between them – Transparent area)
5. Commercial gratings are made by pouring cellulose acetate onto the actual grating and they
are dried to form a thin strong film. It is then detached from it and mounted between 2 glass
plates. It is known as replica grating.
6. Grating element (a+b) is the sum of width of each slit (a) and the opaque region between 2
slits (b)
EXPERIMENT 2: DIFFRACTION
GRATING - I
 ANSWERS :-

7. The light is incident on the un-ruled side of the grating so as to avoid the refraction of light
ray caused by glass plate once it is diffracted.
8. The condition for maxima is
(a+b)
where (a+b) is the grating element and n is the spectrum.
The condition for minima is
N(a+b)
where m takes all integers except 0,N,2N,…,nN as it satisfies condition of maxima
EXPERIMENT 2: DIFFRACTION
GRATING - I
 ANSWERS :-

9. There is N-1 minima and N-2 maxima between 2 consecutive principal maxima.
10. As the number of slits increases, the intensity of diffraction peak also increases as
11. The colour red deviates the most because according to the formula angle of diffraction is
directly proportional to wavelength of light and since red has maximum wavelength, it
deviates the most.
12. In prism, the colour red is deviated the least and the colour violet is deviated the most. In
case of grating, it’s the reverse.
EXPERIMENT 2: DIFFRACTION
GRATING - I
 ANSWERS :-

13. Resolving power is the capacity of an optical instrument to show separate images of 2
closely placed objects. In case of grating, the resolving power is
= mN
where is the mean wavelength and is the difference between wavelengths. m is the order of
the spectrum and N is the total number of lines illuminated.
14. Value of 1 MSD in spectrometer is . Total number of Vernier divisions is 30.
 EXPERIMENT 3: STRAIN
GAUGE
 QUESTIONS :-

1. What do you mean by the terms stress and strain?

2. What is a strain gauge?
3. What is the significance of strain-mass graph in this experiment?
4. What is the aim of the experiment?
5. What is a loadmaster and a strain indicator?
6. Define Hooke’s law.
7. Why is a wheatstone bridge used instead of a multimeter to measure the change in
resistance?
 EXPERIMENT 3: STRAIN
GAUGE
 QUESTIONS :-

8. What is the voltage between the points when the strain gauge is not strained?
9. When the length of the strain gauge increases, what happens to resistance?
10. What is gauge factor?
11. Why is the experiment conducted in quarter bridge configuration?
12. What is the equation to find the voltage difference between the points?
13. Derive an equation to find the Young’s modulus of the material.
14. What are the connections to be made between strain gauge and loadmaster bridge box?
15. What is the L.C. of screw gauge and Vernier callipers?
 EXPERIMENT 3: STRAIN
GAUGE
 ANSWERS :-
 EXPERIMENT 4: NEWTON’S
RINGS
 QUESTIONS :-

1. What do you mean by the interference of light?

2. What are interference fringes?
3. What are the essential conditions for observing interference?
4. How are Newton’s rings formed?
5. Why are the rings circular in the experiment?
6. Why is an extended source of light necessary?
7. What are the possible reasons if rings are not circular?
8. On what factors does the radius of rings depend on?
 EXPERIMENT 4: NEWTON’S
RINGS
 QUESTIONS :-

9. Why is the central ring dark in Newton’s rings?

10. What will happen if transparent liquid is introduced between the plates?
11. How the rings will change the radius of curvature of plano-convex lens?
12. What are the applications of Newton’s rings experiment?
13. What is the radius of a Newton’s ring?
14. Why do rings get closer as their order increases?
15. What is the formula to calculate wavelength?
16. How can we determine radius of curvature?
 EXPERIMENT 4: NEWTON’S
RINGS
 ANSWERS :-

1. The redistribution of light by the superposition of light waves is called interference of light.
2. The alternate bright and dark patches of light obtained in the region of superposition of 2
light waves.
3. The essential conditions for observing the interference are:-
a) The two sources must be coherent
b) The sources must be monochromatic
c) The amplitudes of interfering waves should be equal or nearly equal
d) The sources must be narrow and close.
 EXPERIMENT 4: NEWTON’S
RINGS
 ANSWERS :-

4. When a plano-convex surface is placed on a flat glass plate, an air film of gradually
increasing thickness is formed between them. Then a monochromatic light is allowed to fall
normally on the film and viewed in reflection mode, alternate bright and dark rings are
observed. These are Newton’s rings.
5. The rings are circular because the locus of points having constant thickness of air film about
the point of contact is circle.
6. An extended source of light is necessary to view the whole air film.
 EXPERIMENT 4: NEWTON’S
RINGS
 ANSWERS :-

7. The possible reasons that the rings are not perfectly circular are :-
a) The glass may not be perfectly flat
b) The surface of plano-convex lens may not be the part of a perfect sphere.
c) The plate or lens may not be perfectly clean
8. The radius of the rings depend on :-
a) Wavelength of light used
b) Refractive index of enclosed film
c) Radius of curvature R of the plano-convex lens
 EXPERIMENT 4: NEWTON’S
RINGS
 ANSWERS :-

9. The central ring is dark because of Stoke’s law. According to Stoke’s law, a path difference
of is introduced when a ray is reflected from the glass plate. But no path difference is
observed when the wave is reflected from the plano-convex lens. The central ring is dark
because the two interfering rays have a path difference.
10. The fringes will contract means the diameter of the rings will be reduced by a factor of
which is the refractive index of transparent liquid.
11. As the radius of curvature decreases the diameter of the rings also decreases. The error in
measurement increases when the rings are closer.
 EXPERIMENT 4: NEWTON’S
RINGS
 ANSWERS :-

12. It can be used to :-

a) Determine the wavelength of unknown light source
b) Determine the radius of curvature of given lens
c) Determine refractive index of given liquid

where D is the diameter of the rings

 EXPERIMENT 4: NEWTON’S
RINGS
 ANSWERS :-

13. The radius of the bright ring is,

The radius of the dark ring is,

14. The diameter of dark rings is proportional to the square root of natural numbers whereas the
diameter of bright rings is proportional to the square root of odd natural numbers. Hence,
the rings get closer with increasing order. Additionally, they don’t increase at the same rate.
 EXPERIMENT 4: NEWTON’S
RINGS
 ANSWERS :-

15. The formula to calculate wavelength is,

16. The radius of curvature can be determined using Spherometer.

a. Put Spherometer on the convex surface
b. Find the height of point P from ABC place when the points A,B,C and P are in touch
with the spherical surface
c. Find l which is the mean distance between its legs AB, BC, and CA
 EXPERIMENT 4: NEWTON’S
RINGS
 ANSWERS :-

d. Apply the formula,