S/N NAMES

GROUP 2 MATRIC NO SIGNATURE

1 Alakoso Rofiat Ajoke 20/30GT013

2 Adetunji Favour Marvelous 20/30GT011

3 Eniola Hephzibah Akinyemi 20/GT012

4 Barek Eritomiwa Ezekiel 20/30GT019

5 Awi victor opeyemi 20/30GT015

6 Balogun qudus aduragbemi 20/30GT017

7 Alo Paul Taiwo 20/30GT014

What are Exotoxins?

Definition: Toxic substances produced and secreted by

certain microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi).
Release Into the environment or host organism during
infection.
Effects
Cell damage and death
Inflammation
 Classification of Exotoxins
By Mechanism of Action
By Target Cell or Tissue
By Organism
Classification by Mechanism of Action
1. A-B Toxins
2. Membrane-Disrupting Toxins
3. Superantigens
4. Enzymatic Toxins
A-B Toxins
Structure:Two components: A (active) and B
(binding).
Function: B component binds to host cell
receptor, facilitating entry of A component.
Examples: Diphtheria toxin, cholera toxin,
botulinum toxin.
Diagram showing A-B Toxin mechanism
Membrane-Disrupting Toxins
Mechanism:Disrupt host cell membrane integrity.
Types
Pore-forming Toxins:** Create pores, causing cell
lysis (e.g., streptolysin O).
Phospholipases: Hydrolyze phospholipids in the
membrane (e.g., Clostridium perfringens alpha-
toxin).
Superantigens
Mechanism:Trigger excessive immune response by
cross-linking MHC class II molecules with T-cell
receptors.
Examples: Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1),
Staphylococcal enterotoxins.
Diagram showing superantigen mechanism
Enzymatic Toxins
Mechanism: Act as enzymes to interfere with cellular
processes.
Examples
Proteases:Degrade proteins (e.g., tetanus toxin).
ADP-ribosyltransferases:Modify host proteins (e.g.,
diphtheria toxin).
Image showing enzymatic activity
Classification by Target Cell or Tissue
1. Neurotoxins:Target nervous system (e.g., botulinum
toxin, tetanus toxin).
2. Enterotoxins:Target intestinal cells (e.g., cholera toxin).
3. Cytotoxins: Target various cell types (e.g., diphtheria
toxin, Shiga toxin).
Images of affected tissues
Classification by Organism
1. Bacterial Exotoxins
Produced by: Pathogenic bacteria.
Examples:
Gram-positive Bacteria:Diphtheria toxin, tetanus toxin.
Gram-negative Bacteria:Shiga toxin, cholera toxin.
2. Fungal Exotoxins
Produced by:Pathogenic fungi.
Examples: Aflatoxins, ergot alkaloids.
Images of bacteria and fungi
THANKS FOR LISTENING