SIGNIFICANCE OF POLES AND

ZEROES IN THE STABILITY OF THE

SYSTEM
 What are poles and zeroes?

 What is stability of the system?

 Effect of poles and zeroes in the stability of the system

• Poles –The frequency of the transfer function for which the denominator
of transfer function becomes infinite.

• Zeroes-The frequency of the transfer function for which the numerator of

the transfer function becomes zero.

• Determine the system stability and its overall performance.

• For physically realizable system ,number of poles>number of zeroes.

• H(s)=N(s)\D(s) where N(s) and D(s) are simple polynomials.

• Zeroes-The roots of N(s) and poles-The roots of D(s).

• The polynomial order of D(s)>=polynomial of order N(s).

 POLE-ZERO PLOT

• Determination of the nature of impulse response based on the poles.

• Determination of the stability based on the location of the poles in the s-
plane.
• Effect of adding zeroes on stability.
• Finding time response by finding inverse Laplace
transform of Vout which can be expanded in partial
fraction form.
• Partial fraction depends on the denominator of the
Laplace transform.
• F(s)=K/(s+a)
f(t)=Ke^-at
• F(s)=N(s)/(s^2+w^2)
f(t)=K1sinwt or K2coswt.

• Poles determine the waveform of the time variation of the

response.
• Zeroes determine the magnitude of each part of the
response.
• Case 1: Real and negative pole. • Case 2: Real, negative repetitive
• F(s)=1/s+a and hence f(t)=L^- pole.
1[F(s)]=e^-at • F(s)=1/(s+a)^2 and hence f(t)=te^-
at

Stable system Stable system

• Case 3: Real, positive pole • Case 4: Complex poles on
• F(s)=1/s-a hence f(t)=e^at imaginary axis.
• F(s)=Aw/s^2+w^2 hence
f(t)=Asinwt

Unstable system
Marginally stable.
• Case 5: Complex poles with • Case 6: Complex poles with
negative real part. positive real part.
• F(s)=K/s^2+ms+n=K/(s+a)^2+w^2 • F(s)=K/(s-a)^2+w^2 and hence
and hence f(t)=K/w.e^-at.sinwt f(t)=K/w.e^at.sinwt

Stable system. Unstable system

• Case 7: Repeated pair of poles on • Case 8: Single pole at origin
imaginary axis: • F(s)=K/s and hence f(t)=K
• F(s)=s/(s^2+w^2)^2 and hence
f(t)=t/2w.sinwt

Unstable system
Marginally stable.
• OBSERVATIONS-

1.All roots with negative real parts-stable system .

2.For positive real part or for any repeated root on the imaginary axis- unstable system.

3.For negative real parts, for one or more non-repeated roots on jw axis-marginally stable.

4.Prediction of nature of time response from pole-zero plot .

5.Location of poles in the left half of s plane make system stable.

6.Location of poles in the right half plane make system unstable.

Effect of zeroes on stability-

1.Addition of zero in the left half s-plane- It adds positive

phase to the system hence improves stability of the system.
Addition of zero to the right half s-plane-The right half plane has gain similar to that left
half plane zero but its phase nature like a pole .It adds negative phase to the system.
 Effect of addition of zero to the closed loop transfer
function-

 Makes the system overall response faster.

 Rise time, Peak time ,decreases but overshoot increases.

 Addition of right half zeroes make system response slower.

THANK YOU!