International Peace and

Security
 NATO
• In 1949 12 countries, including Canada,
the US, Great Britain and France, formed
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It is
the largest peacetime military alliance
(now 31 member countries).
• The main purpose of the agreement was
to provide mutual defence and collective
security against the Soviet Union (now
Russia) who was seeking to expand its
territory. Another aim was to keep the rest
of Europe stable (as it had become very
politically unstable after WWII).
• Collective security- a strategy where
several nations are committed to
defending each other against attacks.
 Article 5
• Collective defence means that an attack against one
Ally is considered as an attack against all Allies.
• NATO invoked Article 5 for the first time in its
history after the
9/11 terrorist attacks against the United States.
• NATO has taken collective defence measures on
several occasions, for instance in response to the
situation in Syria and in the wake of the Russia-
Ukraine crisis.
• NATO has standing forces on active duty that
contribute to the Alliance’s collective defence efforts
on a permanent basis.
(NATO,2022)
 This concept is often criticized, as small
conflicts can turn into large ones and
members in the alliance could become
aggressive knowing they have the
Article 5 support of their fellow NATO members.
Criticisms Another criticism- in reality countries will
often only follow through with this
obligation if it is in their own best
interests to do so.
NATO first used Military force in
1995. Do some research and find
out what this conflict was called
and why it occurred.
 NORAD
• In 1958, Canada and the United States signed a bi-
lateral agreement that established the North American
Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD).
• There were concerns about the Soviet Union launching
missiles.
• NORAD’s purpose is to monitor and defend North
American airspace from attack.
• It also exists to ensure the air sovereignty of both
Canada and the United States.
How is NORAD Relevant?
• The events of September 11, 2001 demonstrated NORAD’s
continued relevance to North American security.
•
In the 2 years after 9/11 NORAD intercepted 1500 questionable
flights over the US and Canada.
•
In May 2006 NORAD renewed its agreement and added a
maritime security agreement, where both countries help each
other to patrol and police waterways.

• https://youtu.be/fo5iM2NaArI
 INTERPOL
• The International Criminal Police Organization
has 195 members and is the world’s largest
police organization
• In order for INTERPOL to become involved,
crimes must overlap several member
countries and be such that there are
concerns regarding public safety.
• Terrorism, organized crime, war crimes, illicit
drug production, drug trafficking, weapons
smuggling, and trafficking human beings are
just a few of the areas in which INTERPOL is
involved.
• INTERPOL does not send officers into countries
to arrest individuals, rather their network is
used to connect countries and offer
investigative supports (ie. Forensics, assistance
in locating fugitives etc.)