Electrical Measurement and Measuring

Instrumentations
Induction Type Instruments

Dr. Saumendra Sarangi

Electrical Engineering
Faculty of EED, MNNIT, Allahabad

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Three Phase POWER MEASUREMENT:
Different Methods
• Three wattmeter
Three phase three Wire System
Three phase Four wire System
Total power = Summation of all wattmeter reading
• Single wattmeter
Assumption load is balance
Total power = 3* one wattmeter reading
• Two wattmeter
Total power = Summation of Two wattmeter reading
Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny
Three Phase POWER MEASUREMENT:
Three wattmeter : Three phase three Wire System

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Three Phase POWER MEASUREMENT:
Three wattmeter : Three phase three Wire System

For Resistive load

𝑉 𝑅𝐶 𝐼𝑅
𝑉 𝑌𝐶 𝐼 𝑌
𝑉 𝐵𝐶 𝐼 𝐵
Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny
Three Phase POWER MEASUREMENT:
Three wattmeter : Three phase Four Wire System

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Three Phase POWER MEASUREMENT:
V 𝑩𝑵

V 𝑹𝑵

V 𝒀𝑵 V 𝑵𝑩

= -VBN
Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny
Three Phase POWER MEASUREMENT:
TWO Wattmeter Method

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

 Three Phase POWER
MEASUREMENT: V 𝒀𝑩

∢ 30 °
V 𝑵𝒀 V 𝑹𝒀
Phase Angle Between
V 𝑩𝑵 i 𝑩

∢∅
°
: V 𝒀𝑩 iand𝑩 (30-) 0
∢ 3V 𝑹𝑵
∢∅
∢
V 𝑹𝒀 iand𝑹 (30+) i𝒀
∅
i𝑹
V 𝒀𝑵
Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny
Three Phase POWER
MEASUREMENT: Phase Angle Between
: VYB and IB (30-) for W2
VRY and IR (30+) for W1
Total Power = W1 + W2
= VYBIBCos (30-) + VRY IR Cos (30+)
But VYB =VRY =VL = VPh
IB = IR =IL =Iph
= VL IL Cos (30-) + VL IL Cos (30)
= VL IL [Cos (30-) +Cos (30) ]
= VL IL { 2 ( Cos 30 ) Cos } = V L IL Cos = 3 VPh Iph Cos
=W + El-Hussieny
Dr. Haitham W
Three Phase POWER
MEASUREMENT: Phase Angle Between
: VYB and IB (30-) for W2
Total Power = W1 - W2 VRY and IR (30+) for W1
= VYBIBCos (30-) - VRY IR Cos (30+)
= VL IL Cos (30-) + VL IL Cos (30)
= VL IL [Cos (30-) -Cos (30) ]
= VL IL { 2 ( Sin 30 ) Sin } = V L IL Sin =
Hence = = = Tan =
=( )

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Three Phase POWER
MEASUREMENT:
Power factor Power Facotr W1 W2 Total
Angle Power
0 1 VPh IPh VPh IPh 3VPh IPh

60 0.5 VPh IPh 0 VPh IPh

90 0 VPh IPh VPh IPh 0

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Three Phase POWER
MEASUREMENT: One Watt meter Method

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Three Phase POWER
MEASUREMENT: One Watt meter Method
Phasor diagram

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Classification of Induction type According
to Construction :

1) Drum type

2) Induction Disc type

These Instruments are mostly used for Wattmeter and Energy

meter

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

DRUM TYPE INDUCTION METER:
spring
Constructional
Features Pointer
1) Spring
2) Pointer Pole
3) Drum
4) Pole Drum

Core
spring

1) Drum type
Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny
DISC TYPE INDUCTION METER:
Core
Constructional
Features
1) Disc
coil
2) coil
3) Copper Shading
band
Disc Copper
shading Band
Spindle

2) Disc type
Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny
DISC TYPE INDUCTION METER:

Disc

Spindle

2) Disc type
Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny
Types of torque in MI :

•Deflecting Torque :
produces movement on an aluminium disc
or drum due to induced eddy current
• Control Torque:
provided by spring
•Damping Torque:
placing another magnet over the movable
system

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Operating Principle of Induction Meter:
Defecting Torque due to Eddy current:

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Effect of Shading:

Lets

is the angle between

and which is here 90. e

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Effect of Shading:

Since=90, then Average Torque is Zero

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

To Obtain a torque on the Disc we require an
angle between should not be 90

So a portion of Coil is shaded

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Operating Principle of Induction Meter:
Effect of shading:

c
∅𝑺

Resultant flux is phasor summation of and which is

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Operating Principle of Induction Meter:
Effect of shading:
Let flux produced by unshaded
part is and Flux produced by
shaded part

Now they are separated by an angle

c
∅𝑺
Both fluxes are alternating
They will induce eddy current

Lets Draw the Phasor and derive the Torque

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Phasor Diagram :Effect of shading:
E is induced on the disc due the alternating flux
is the resultant flux of the shaded part
is induced on the disc due the alternating flux
and are the eddy current on the disc
∡∡ ∅
𝒊 𝒆𝑺
𝛼
𝛼 c

𝒊𝒆
𝑬𝑺 ∅𝑺
Note:
and and
E
the angle between them is nearly equal to 90, Hence average Torque will be zero
Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny
Effect of Shading:
)

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Note : Torque will be produced by, and , and and as:
Angle Between and
Angle Between and
∡∡ ∅
𝒊 𝒆𝑺
𝛼
𝛼 c

𝒊𝒆
𝑬𝑺 ∅𝑺
E
Phasor Diagram
Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny
Effect of Shading:

Cos ())

())

Ees E and
and and
T=())
T=())

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Effect of Shading:

())

T=())
T= and E =k
Since K’

Note: To have maximum Torque

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Arrangement for measurement of Power:
Two Pole Method

maintaining
angle
between the
two fluxes
=90

Here and
Induction type Watt meter

• Two fluxes must

be generated
• Two coils are
Required
• One connected
parallel to load
• One connected in
series with load
• In order to obtain a resultant flux
from shunt coil which should lag
by 90 copper shading bands are
applied
Induction type Watt meter
• Two fluxes must be generated
• Two coils are Required
• One connected parallel to load
• One connected in series with
load
• In order to obtain a resultant flux from shunt coil
which should lag by 90 copper shading bands are
applied

=0 and = (90 − ∅ )
()
T=K VI Cos
What we will cover:
ENERGY METER:
• Construction
• Working Principle
• Errors
• Merits and Demerits
•
1
Special Terms

2
Phantom Loading
 Creeping
 Tri-vectormeter
Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny
Energy Meter
• Instrument Designed to measure Energy Consumption in the Circuit

• Unit is Watt-hour or Killo Watt Hour

• One Kilo watt Hour energy means the consumption of 1Kw power
over a Time interval of 1 Hour

• Use for earn money from the customer

Types Energy Meter:
1. Electrolytic energy meter : Operates on electrolytic action
2. Motor meters
I. Mercury Motor meters
II. Comutator meters
III. Induction energy
a. 1-Phase energy meters
b. 2-Phase two element energy meters
c. 3-Phase three element energy meters

3. Clock meters: Highly accurate and Complex

4. Electronic Energy Meter
Single phase Induction Type Energy meter

1 Phase Induction watt-hour meters (Energy Meters) are extensively

used for the measurement of electrical Energy in AC Circuits

An induction watt-hour meter is essentially an induction wattmeter :

• with Brake magnet and counting mechanism

• NO control spring and pointer

Operating Principle

• The basic principle of induction type of energy meter is

Eletromagnetic Induction

• The time varying magnetic field produced by two magnets cuts the
DISC

• The EDDY CURRENT induces circulates over the disc inside the
Magnetic Field which results in torque on the DISC and the Disc
Rotates
Energy Meter: Used in Houses
Energy Meter : Internal Structure
Diagram of Energy Meter
Construction
An induction type single phase energy meter has
following parts

• Driving system

• Moving system

• Breaking System

• Recording system
Construction: Driving system

• Two Electro Magnets:

One series magnet (U shaped)
and One shunt Magnet (M shaped)
Core: Made up of Silicon steel
Laminations

• Shunt Coil has more number of turns:

pressure Coil :Highly inductive

• Series Coil has less number of turns:

pressure Coil :
Construction: Moving system

• Made up of Aluminium Disc:

• Mounted over a vertical spindle

• Contained in a Sapphire Cap contained

in a bottom bearing screw:
Construction: Braking System

• Permanent Magnet: C shaped

• When the disc rotates the flux due to

the magnet induces eddy current over
the disc which opposes its cause
(Motion of DISC)

• Dynamically Induced EMF

• Driving Torque : static induced EMF

Construction: Registering System

• Consists of train of Gears: Driven

by pinion Gear on the DISC shaft

• This turns pointers that indicate on

dials the number of times the DISC
has rotated
Energy Meters:
Basic Diagram with Load
• Consider Pressure coil :
ideal inductor

• Current Coil :
Less turns
Low resistance
Low inductance

• Total power factor of Series coil

depends on Load impedance
Phasor Diagram
V
∅ 𝑺𝒆
• One
∅ (90 − ∅ )
connected
parallel to
load
∡
∅
∅ 𝒔𝒉

Inductive
• One 𝒊 𝒔𝒉
connected in
series with
load 𝑬 𝑺𝒆
E 𝒔𝒉
Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny
Derivation of Mean Tourque

Tshade
Tmain
in)

We have derived the derived torque

T= K

where = is the angle between

Induction type meter

• Two opposite torque are generated

• The instantaneous torque is the difference of Two

-
Phase angle between is
Phase angle betweenis (180-)

Average torque
Cos - Cos(180-)
Induction type Energy meter :

Average torque
Cos Cos
)Cos

= MMFsh/Reluctancesh(S)
MMF= Nsh*Ish
Nsh= number of turns of shunt coil
Ish = Current in shunt coil
Induction type Energy meter : shunt Coil Factors

Ish = Voltage/ (Impedance(Z) of shunt Coil)

So all factor Like Z (shunt Coil),

Nsh,
Reluctance=Ssh=
Once the meter designed they are constant

= MMFsh/Reluctancesh(S)
= NshIsh/S= (Nsh(V/Z(shunt coil)))/S
So
Induction type Energy meter :For Series Circuit

Ise = Voltage/ (Impedance(Z) of series Coil +Load

Impedance)

Since Z is less and keeping supply voltage constant the

current depends on load impedance

Load changes current Ise changes.

= MMFse/Reluctancese(S)
MMF= Nse*Ise
Nse= number of turns of series coil
Ise = Current in series coil
Induction type Energy meter : Series coil
So all factor Like Nse, Sse=
Once the meter designed they are constant

If the supply Voltage is constant : 230 V

Current in the series magnet will vary according to change

in load impedance

So
Induction type Energy meter :

So

and
Induction type Energy meter :
Average torque

)Cos
)Cos
) Cos
Cos
Active Power
Induction type Energy meter : Breaking torque(

n= Number of rotation of disc per unit time

, : T Active Power
Active Power n
Multiplying t=time on both sides

Active Power *t n*t

Energy N
where N total number of rotation in time t
Meter Constant

∝
Errors in Energy Meter
 Reasons
ERROR
May be Caused because of
Driving System
or Breaking System
Driving system may cause Error
Incorrect Magnitude of Error
abnormal values of current
Voltage and Frequency
Incorrect Phase angle : Produced By
Improper lag adjustment
Abnormal Frequncies
variation in resistance with temperature

Lack of Symmetry in Magnetic fluxes: Creeping

Reasons
ERROR
May be Caused because of
Driving System
or Breaking System
Braking System:
Change in Brake Magnet Strength
Abnormal Friction moving parts
DISC Resistance
Adjusting the lag angle 90

The shunt core arranged in

in E type core

Another coil is Wound over

the same leg
Current induced IL

It will lag he Induced Voltage by

an small angle according to the

impedance on the circuit

Phasor Diagram
V
• Total ∅ 𝒔𝒉
ampere (9 0)
turns in the
primary will
ATp
∅𝑝
be phasor 𝒊𝑳
summation
of ATsh+ATL E𝑳
• The angle of can be adjusted by changing
the resistance of the path
Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny
Shading Copper Band
• Changing the resistance
of The coil
• Changing the position of the

Copper band

• Moved up the flux

Increases and Induced
current increases
• IF Moved Down then
flux decreases and EMF
Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny
Lag Plate

• In some cases a lag

Plate is Kept as shown in
the figure just below the
shunt magnet
• It makes the current
more lagging

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Friction Error

• The coil L2 is avoid the

Friction error during light
Load
• Its Position may be
adjusted to decrease or
increase the flux
By which the torque is
controlled

Dr. Haitham El-Hussieny

Creeping
Overload Compensation

• The Disc revolves continuously in the field of series

magnet under load condition and therefore, there
is a dynamically induced EMF in the DISC Because
of this rotation.

• This EMF cause EDDY Current which interact with

other fields to produce breaking Torque

• So it reduces the reading at higher loads

Voltage Compnesation
Temperature Compensation