Pak Affairs

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 1

 Advent of Islam in Sub Continent
• Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) 630-32 AD
• 1st Caliphat (Hazrat Abubakar saddiq R.A) 632-34 AD
• 2nd Caliphat (Hazrat Umer e farooq R.A) 634-44 AD
• Governor of Oman (Sarqafi) sent an expedition to Sindh
• Thanna and Barooch coastal area
• 3rd Caliphat (Hazrat Usman R.A) 644-656 AD
• 4th Caliphat (Hazrat ALI a.s) 656-660 AD
• 5th Caliphat (Hazrat Muaviya R.A) 661-680 AD
• 6th Caliphat (Yazid) 680-683 AD
• 7th Caliphat (Muaviya-2) 683-684 AD
• 8th Caliphat (Marwan Bin Hakam) 684-685 AD
• 9th Caliphat (Abdul malik bin Marwan) 685-705 AD
3/19/2023 • 10th Caliphat (Waleed-bin-Abdul
Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbassmalik) 705-715 AD 2
 Raja Dahir

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 Advent of Islam
• Gift by the king of island of rubees, (Ceylon, Srilanka)
• Pirates looted the gifts near Sindh coastal area
• Banu yarbu tribe lady

• Hajjaj Bin Yousuf (army chief of Islamic states)

• Governor of Hijaz 692-694 AD
• Died in 714 AD

• M.B.Qasim
• 695-715 AD
• Attack on Raja Dahir in 712 AD.
• Killed on 6th day of war.
• Rani Bai suicide in Rawar fort
• First Governor of Al-Sindh
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 Advent of Islam
• Change in Caliphate
• 11th Caliphat (Suleman bin abdul malik) 715-717 AD
• 12th Caliphat (Umer Bin Abdul aziz) 717-720 AD
• 13th Caliphat (Yazid bin Abdul malik) 720-724 AD
• 14th Caliphat (Hisham bin Abdul Malik) 724-743 AD

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Ghaznavi Dynasty

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 Ghaznavi Dynasty 997-1185AD
• Sultan Mehmood Ghaznavi
• Yamīn-ud-Dawla Abul-Qāṣim Maḥmūd ibn Sebüktegīn
• founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty, ruling from 998 to
1030.

• City of Ghazni-Afghanistan
• Alaptagin- Grandfather
• Subuktugin- Father and Died in 997 AD

• 17 attacks from 1001-1025 AD

• 17th attack on Somnat temple
• Last king was Khusru Malik

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 Ghurid Dynasty

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 Ghurid Dynasty
• Shahbu din Muhammad Ghauri
• Muizz ud din sam
• Become king of Ghazni-1174 AD
• Defeated Khusru Malik in 1186 AD.

• 1st Battle of Tarrain (1190-91 AD)

• (Prithwi raj Chohan + Rajput vs Ghauri)

• 2nd Battle of Tarrain (1191-92 AD)

• Appointed Qutbu din aibak as governor of Lahore and Dehli

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 Dehli Sultanate
• 1. Slave Dynasty/Mamluk dynasty (1206-1290)
• 2. Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)
• 3. Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1412)
• 4. Sayyad Dynasty (1414-1451)
• 5. Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)

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 Dehli sultanate
• 1. Slave Dynasty
• Qutb-ud-din Aibak 1206-1210
In 1210, he fell down from a horse while
playing chovgan (a form of polo on horseback)
in Lahore, and died instantly when the pommel of
the saddle pierced his ribs.
The construction of the Qutb Minar in Delhi started
during Aibak's reign.
73 M height
• Aram shah
• Iltumish
• Razia Sultana 1236-1240
• Behram shah
• Ghiasu din Balban

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 Dehli Sultanate
Khilji Dynasty Tughlaq Dynasty Sayyad Dynasty

Jalalud din Khilji Ghiasu din Tughlaq Khizar khan

Ala-ud-Din Khalji. Muhammad Tughlaq Shah Alam
Mubarik shah

Lodhi Dynasty
Behlol khan lodhi
Sikandar lodhi
Ibrahim lodhi

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 Mughal Empire
• 1. Babur. (1526 –1531)
• 2. Humayun (1530-1556)
• 3. Akbar (1556-1605)
• 4. Jahangir (1605-1627)
• 5. Shah Jahan (1628-1658)
• 6. Aurangzeb (Alamgir) (1658-1707)

• 15 Mughal kings from 1707 to 1857

• Last was Bahadur shah Zafar
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 1. Zaheer ud din babar
• Born in Andijan in the Fergana Valley (in present-day Uzbekistan),
• Babur was the eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza (1456–1494, governor of Fergana from 1469 to
1494) and a great-great-great grandson of Timur (1336–1405).
Battles
Babur Vs Ibrahim Lodhi 1st Battle of Panipat (AD 1526)
Babur Vs Rana Sanga (Sangram Singh) Battle of Khanwa
Babur Vs Medini Rai of Chenderi Battle of Chanderi (AD 1528)
Babur Vs Mahmud Lodi Battle of Ghagra (AD 1529)

• The Mewar kingdom, under the able rule of Rana Sanga, Sanga unified several Rajput clans for
the first time after Prithviraj Chauhan and advanced on Babur with a grand coalition of 100,000
Rajputs.
• Babur died in 1530 and was buried at Aram Bagh (Agra). Late, his body was taken to Bagh-e-
Babun (Kabul)
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 2. Humayun (AD 1530-1556)
• Humayun fought two battles with Sher Shah Suri and was ultimately
deafeated:
• Battle of Chausa (AD 1539)
• Battle of Kannauj (AD 1540)
• The second great Mughal emperor passed 15 years in exile and again
invaded India in 1555 with the help of his officer Bairam Khan
• Humayun died in AD 1556 falling from the stairs of his library building
Tenure of Hamayun
• 26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540
• 22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556
• (10 years 3 months 25 days)

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 3. Akbar (AD 1556-1605)
• Humayun’s officer Bairam Khan crowned 13-year-old Akbar
as the third Mughal emperor
• Second Battle of Panipat (AD 1556)
• He defeated Hemu at the Second Battle of Panipat (AD 1556) with
the help of Bairam Khan
• The Navratnas or the nine famous intellectuals of Akbar’s
court were Todar Mal, Abul Fazal, Faizi, Birbal, Tansen,
Abdur Rahim Khana-i-Khana, Mullah-do-Pyaza, Raja Man
Singh, and Fakir Aziao-Din
• Deen e Ilahi
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 4. Jahangir (AD 1605-1627)

• Akbar's son Jahangir executed the fifth Sikh Guru, Arjun

Dev
• The fourth Mughal emperor Mehr-un-Nisa in AD 1611
and conferred the titles of Nur Jahan on her.
• Jahangir established Zanjir-i-Adal at Agra Fort for those
who sought royal justice

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 5. Shah Jahan (AD 1628-1658)
• Taj Mahal, Moti Mahal in Agra,
• Red Fort and Jama Masjid in Delh.
• Chauburji
• built in 1646 C.E. by Mughal Princess Zeb-un-Nisa,

• 6. Aurangzeb (Alamgir) (AD 1658-1707)

• Executed the ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur in AD 1675
• Moti Mahal within Red Fort at Delhi,
• Jami or Badshahi Mosque at Lahore
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 Fall of Mughals
• Historical background
• Reasons
• Aurangzeb policies
• Empty Treasury
• Size of empire and challenges for regional powers
• Rise of independent states
• Rise of marhatas
• Weak economy, army, naval forces
• Muslims lost the spirit of Jihad
• Rise of EIC
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 East India Company
• French East India Company,
• Danish East India Company,
• Austrian East India Company,
• Ostend Company,
• Dutch East India Company-1602
• British East India Company-1600 AD
• 1498- Portugees arrived at Malabar coast (Vasco de gama)
• 1595- Dutch EIC made port at Pulicate (east india)
• 1608- British EIC at Surat port (Gujrat)
• “Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading to the East Indies”
• Granted a royal charter by Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600.
• Red Dragon – a repurposed pirate ship from the Caribbean – set sail for Indonesia in
February 1601. Made 300% profit.
• Dutch East india company formed in 1602 and made more profit in Island of Java.
• It was due to Dutch dominance in the spice trade, that the EIC turned to India in search of
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wealth from textiles.
 East India Company
• The EIC founded factories Chennai 1639
Mumbai 1668, Kolkata 1690
• Trade- cotton, silk, spice
• 1686-1690 conflict over taxation
• EIC competed with French traders in India.
• Nawab of Bengal (Ali wardi khan) died in 1756
• Nawab of Bengal warned EIC but they ignored
• Black Hole of Calcutta
• British civilians 43 out of 64 captives die
• Dungeon, meaning “a dark usually underground
prison,”

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 East India Company
• War of Plassey
• Siraj-ud-Daula Vs EIC 1757.
• Robert Clive’s army of 3,000 soldiers
• Nawab’s force of 50,000 soldiers & 10 war elephants.
• Clive bribed Mir Jafar, and promised to make him
Nawab of Bengal if the British won the battle.
• War of Bedara-1759
• Mir Jaffar + Dutch Vs EIC
• Mir Qasim new Ruler of Bengal
• War of Buxar-1764
• Mir Qasim + Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Oudh+
Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II Vs EIC
• Treaty of Allahabad in August 1765
• The Company could now use the taxes of the
people of Bengal, to fund their expansion across
the rest of India. This is the moment that the EIC
transitioned
3/19/2023
from a commercial to a colonial
Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 22
power.
 East India Company
• East India Company occupied the capital of Mughal India in 1803,
• It had a private army of about 200,000 soldiers – double the number
that the British Army could call upon.
• Although the EIC governed around 60 million people in India, it
operated out of a small building on Leadenhall Street called East India
House, just five windows wide.
• In 2005, the EIC was bought by an Indian businessman
• The name of the East India Company lived on after 1858, as a small
tea business – a shadow of the imperial behemoth it had been before.
• More recently, however, Sanjiv Mehta has transformed the company
into a luxury brand selling tea, chocolates and even pure-gold replicas
of East India Company coins costing upwards of £600.
• From 1858, it was Queen Victoria who would rule the Indian
subcontinent.

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 Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi (1564-1624)
• Mujaddid alaf sani
• Mujaddid alaf awal
• Imam e Rabbani
• Father, 'Abd al-Ahad,
• Prominent disciple of Khwaja Baqi Billah.
• Books- Isbat Ul Nabuwat, Muktubat e Imam e Rabbani
• Countered Deen-e-ilahi
• Summoned by Jahangir , no Prostration, imprisoned for 2
years in Fort Gawaliar.
• Asaf Jah (PM of Jahangir court), Mirza Aziz (Khan-i-azam),
Abdur Rahim (Khan-e-khana)
• wahdat ash-shuhūd (oneness of appearance).
fana' fi Allah (to forget about everything except Almighty
Allah)
• wahdat al-wujūd (oneness of being)
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 Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi (1564-1624)

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Questions??
• Write a note on the services of Ahmed Shaheed Sirhindi?

• Write a note on the impacts of Ahmed Shaheed Sirhindi’s teachings?

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Write a note on the services of Ahmed Shaheed Sirhindi?
Write a note on the impacts of Ahmed Shaheed Sirhindi’s
teachings?
1. Historical Background 5. Impacts
2. Introduction of Sheikh 5.1- Deen-e-ilahi eliminated
2.1- Personal life 5.2- Preaching allowed in Royal court
2.2- Education 5.3- Islamic government
2.3- Books 6. Critical Analysis
3. Circumstances in which he worked 7. Conclusion.
3.1- Deen-e-ilahi
3.2- Critisisum on islam
3.3- Concept of wahdat ash-shuhūd
3.4- Biddat and karamat
4. Contribution by Sheikh
4.1- Negation of wahdat ash-shuhūd
4.2- Concept of two nation
4.3- Jihad against Bhagti movement
3/19/20234.4- Reformed Sufism Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 27
Shāh Walīullāh Dehlawī (Shah Wali Allah) 1703-
1762
• Memorized the Qur'an by the age of seven
• Shah Waliullah visited Makkah at the age of 29 years( 1732 AD ).
• Father- Shah Abdur Rahim, founder of the Madrasah-i Rahimiyah.
• Father died- 1720
• Books, wrote 51 books; 23 in Arabic and 28 in Persian.
• Translated Holy Quran into Persian, threarts by other ullema
• Hujjat-ullah-al-Baligha, Izalat-al-akhifa, Khilaf-al-khulfa, Fuz-ul-haramain,
• Shah Rafi ud din- Translation of Holy Quran into Urdu
• He disliked Marhatas (Pishwa son-Biswas Rao got Dehli by Mughals)
• Asked muslim rulers for Jihad. So, Ahmed shah abdali came india
• 1761- 3rd Battle of Panipat (Marhatas Vs Ahmed shah abdali)
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Write a note on the services of Shah wali Ullah?

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 Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi (1786–1831)
• Born in Rae Bareli in 1786, in UP Lacknow Division.
• disciple of Shah Abdul Aziz, son of Shah Waliullah Dehlawi.
• Founder of the subcontinental Ahl-i Hadith movement & the Deobandi school of thought.
• A horse soldier in the militia of Amir Khan(Nawab of Tonk) age 25.
• Nawab disbanded his 30,000 army and remained under EIC.
• Syed jobless and came back to Dehli.
• Two members Shah Waliullah's family: Shah Ismail Dehlavi & Maulvi Abdul Hai became his
disciples.
• Tawhid (monotheism)- fought against local practices and customs related to saint veneration
and grave visits, which they regarded as bid'ah (religious innovations) and shirk (polytheism).
• Jihad against a Sikh rule (Ranjit singh) in Punjab.
• In December 1826, Syed Ahmad and his followers clashed with Sikh troops at Akora with some
success.
• 1827, allegiance was sworn on his hand and he was declared Caliph and Imam.
• Opposition by pathans
3/19/2023 • Reforms in pathan tribes infuriatedSir.pathans
Syed Qaiser Abbass 30
 Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi (1786–1831)

• Syed Ahmad's political and religious power created strong opposition against him in
the Frontier region and the locals revolt and 200 Mujahidin were killed in 1930
the Peshawar valley, by pathans and syed migrated to Kashmir.
• 1831- war at Balakot
• ill-equipped army of 10,000 Mujahideen Vs 12,000 Sikh force
Mujahideen casualities 9000 died Commander Sher Sin
Syed Ahmed, Shah Ismail Sikh casualties 5000
prominent leaders of the Wahhabi movement

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 Fraizi Movement
• Started in 1819 in Bengal
• Founder- Haji Shariatullah
• Epicenter- Faridpur
• Main features
• Tawbah i.e. to be penitent for past sins to purify the soul.
• To observe strictly the obligatory duties of Faraiz.
• Strict adherence to Tawhid
• India being Dar al Harb, Friday prayers and Eid prayers were not obligatory.
• Denouncing all cultural rites and ceremonies, which had no reference to
the Quran and Sunnah, as bidah or sinful innovations.
• Abwabs- all temporary and conditional taxes and impositions levied by the
government over and above regular taxes e.g religious tax(tax on cow
slaughtering)
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 Fraizi Movement

• Haji Shariatullah (1781-1840)

• Went Hijaz in 1799, 20 years stay there.
• During stay impressed by Sheikh M Abdul wahab.
• Hindu Zamindar suits false cases against him.
• He fought against Abwabs.
• Dudu Mian (1819-1862)
• Son of Haji Shariatullah
• Name- Mohsinu din Ahmed
• Fought against Abwabs and Durga (Decoration of hindu gods by poor muslims)
• Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Ḥaydar
• Remained leader from 1862-64
• Abdul ghafoor- Naya Mian
• leader of Fraizi movement from 1864-1884.
• Syeduddin Ahmad- Khan Bahadur
• 3rd son of Dudu mian- title of Khan Bahadur by the government. (1884-1906)Died in 1906
• Rashiduddin Ahmad- Badshah Miyan.
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 33
• leader of Fraizi movement from 1906-1959
 Titu Mir (1782-1831)
• Name: Mir Nasir Ali
• Parents: Syed Mir Hasan Ali and Abidah Ruqayyah Khatun.
• Leader of Muslim peasants of Bengal.
• An annual Beard Tax imposed by Krishnadeva Rai, Zamindar of Purha.
• Titumirs refused, arson the mosque by Krishnadevas.
• He fought and peasants looted the wealth.
• Titu militia constructed a bamboo-fort (Banser Kella) at Narkelberia
• District Magistrate of Nadia-300 police, defeated by titumir, called for
army unit
• Titumir was bayoneted to death, as were fifty fellow soldiers. About 800
others were arrested and trialed at Alipur court.
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 War of Indepedence-1857
1. Historical Background
• 1806-Madras , Use of Tilak issue
• 1824-Barakpur
• 1842- Bengal 04 regiment refused to go Sindh
• 1842-Rawalpindi
• 1852-Again in Bengal
2. Causes
2.1- Military Cause 2.3- Political Cause
• George Barlow Orders Books against Muslim culture
• Salaries difference Ruler of Oudh issue
• No promotions Last Mughal emperor- stopped using titles
• Christian missionaries Lord Dalhousie-No heir to Last king
• No oversea war expeditions in Hindus
2.2- Religious cause 2.4- Accession of States
• Chairman board of directors Nawab of Oudh was asked 16 Lac for security
• Dr, Pfander in 1854 book name: Mezan ul Haq Nawab wajid ali shah
• E. Edmond statement 80,000 jobless soldiers of Oudh
• Officers preached Christianity to indian subordinates
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 War of Indepedence-1857
2.5 Injustice with Nana Sahib
• Doctrine of Lapse
• 1818-Baji Rao died but nana sahib was refused
to pay 8 lac pension.
2.6 Economic Exploitations
• Key posts- banned for Indians
• After retirement, wealth shifted To Britian
• Silk of Bengal (better than Italy and france)
exported to England at low pric
• Drppoed in Export of Indian cloth
• 1793-3645745 pound, 1849- 36151 pound
• Thumbs of carpenters cutoff
• Stamp Act
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 War of Indepedence-1857
3. Immediate cause
• Enfield Rifle- invented in 1852, introduced in India in 1856.
• Greased shells cartridges
• Brahman sepoy-stationed at Dumdum (Calcuta) And clash with low caste hindu over drinking
water
4. The outbreak of war
• April-1857, at Meerut cantt, soldiers refused using cartridges
• 10 years imprisonment
• May 1857-People rebel and soldiers marched to Dehli
• Participants
• General Bakht khan
• Rani Jhansi
• Tantia Topi
• Nana Sahib
• Ahmad Ullah shah
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 War of Indepedence-1857
5. Causes of Failure
• Changes in the plan
• The treachery of Sikhs
• Absence of an active leadership
• Company control over means of communications
• Economic conditions
6. Critical analysis
7. Conclusion

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 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
1. Personal Life & Family
• Born: 17 oct-1817
• Grandfather: Syed Ha’adi- Died in 1838
• Father name: Shah Abdul aziz
• Mother name: Azeem-un-nisa begum
2. Intellectual acheivements
• He wrote 42 books
• Jam-e-Jum in 1840 Jila al qaloob ba zikar al Mahboob in 1842
• Tufa-e-Husan in 1844 Asar us sanadeed in 1847
• Taseeh Aeen e Akbari in 1855 History of Muslim rule in 1855
• History of Bijnor in 1855 Taseeh Tareekh e Feroz shahi in 1862
• The cause of Indian Revolt Tabeen al kalam
• Khutbat e Ahmadia Tahzeeb ul akhlaq
• Ahkam
3/19/2023 e Tuame al Kitaab Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 39
 Sir Syed Ahmed ali khan
3. Employment
• Sarishtadar
• Naib Munshi (Deputy reader in Commissioner office)-1839
• Sub-Judge in Fatehpur sirki in 1841
• After the death of his brother transferred to Dehli-in 1842.
• In 1855 transfer to Bijnaur. (War of independence-1857)
• Sadr-us-sadur in 1858
• Judge of lower court in 1867
• Tour of England
• Moved to England with his son Syed Mehmood in 1869 (stayed 17 months)
• Retired 1876
• Degree of LLD by Uni of Edinburgh in 1886
4. Political achievements
• Member of Imperial council in 1877 till 1881.
• Raised to Knighthood in 1888.
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• Death: 1898
 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
5. Educational services & Societies
• Translation Society in Ghazipur in 1863 later named Scientific society in 1864 and moved
to aligarh.
• Two journals – The Aligarh Institute Gazette and the Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq.

• British indian association in 1866.

• Muslim Educational institution in 1873.
• Muhammadan Civil Services Fund Association in 1883.
• All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886.
• Indian Patriotic Association in 1888.
• Muhammadan Anglo Oriental Defence Association in 1893.

Schools
• 1859-at Muradabad (Gulshan school)
• 1863-at Ghazipur (Victoria school)
• Committee in Benaras to discuss western education, 32 essay received, Nawab Muhsin
ud din ahmed best essay
3/19/2023 • 1875 at Aligarh (M.A.O School) Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 41
 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Schools
• 1859-at Muradabad (Gulshan school)
• 1863-at Ghazipur (Victoria school)

• Committee in Benaras to discuss western education, 32

essay received, Nawab Muhsin ud din ahmed best
essay
• 1875 at Aligarh (M.A.O School)
• 1877 M.A.O College Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental
College
• (1920-M.A.O uni)

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 Aligarh Movement
• The Aligarh Movement was the push to establish a modern system of Western–
style scientific education for the Muslim population of British India, during the
later decades of the 19th century.
• Historical Background
• Failure of War of Independence
• Urdu hindi controversy
• Two Nation theory
• Educationally, socially and culturally backwardness of Muslims.
• Opposition
• Deoband school
• Pan-Islamist thinker and activist Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī.
• Impacts
• Promoting education among Muslims
• Economic development of Muslims
• Directly or indirectly influenced the growth of institutes
• E.g: Aligarh Muslim University, Jamia Millia Islamia, Dar-ul-Uloom Nadva,
• Socio-religious movements
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 43
• like the Urdu movement, the Khilafat Movement and the Pakistan Movement.
Daroom-Al-Aloom Deoband-30th May 1886

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Daroom-Al-Aloom Deoband-30th May 1886
• Deoband- a village in UP
• Founder: Maulana M. Qasim
• Objectives:
• Educate Quran, Hadees, Fiqah, Tafseer
• Removing bidat
• Training ullema to spread Islam

• Two Factors
• Jamiat ul Ullema e Hind- (Pro-Congress) led by Madni group
• Jamiat ul Ullema e Islam-(Pro-AIML) led by Thanvi group

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Nadvat-Ul-Ullema

• 1894 in Lucknow
• Islamic ideology
• Maulana shibli nomani
• Al-farooq
• Manaq umer bin abdul aziz
• Syed suleman nadvi
• Seerat un Nabi
• The council established the Darul
Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, a famous
Islamic seminary in Lucknow, on 26
3/19/2023 September 1898. Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 46
Anjuman e Himayt e Islam-1884
• Founded in Bakan khan mosque at Mochi gate, Lahore.
• Founder: Khalifa Hameed du din
• Muthi bar ata
• Objectives:
• Counter Christian missioneries
• Education to muslims like Aligarh movement
• Helping the muslim Orphans

• Services
• Orphan houses
• Dar ul aman
• Islamia college civil lines
• Islamia college, cantt
• Himayt e islam law college
3/19/2023 • Islamia college Peshawar.Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 47
Anjuman e Himayt e Islam-1884

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Legislative development in India
• From 1773 onwards, various Acts were passed by the British Government.
• The period of historical British Constitutional experiments in India can be
divided into two phases:
• Phase 1- Constitutional experiment during the rule of the East India
Company (1773-1857)
• Regulating Act of 1773
• Pitts India Act of 1784
• Charter Act of 1813
• Charter Act of 1833
• Charter Act of 1853
• Phase 2 – Constitutional experiments under the British Crown (1857-1947)
1. Government of India Act of 1858 2. Indian Council Act of 1861
3. Indian Council Act of 1892 4. Indian Councils Act, 1909 – Morley Minto Reforms
5. 1919 – Montagu Chelmsford Reforms 6. Government of India Act 1935
7. Cripps Mission – 1942 8. Cabinet Mission – 1946
9. Mountbatten Plan – Indian Independence Act – 1947
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 49
 Regulating Act of 1773
• Process of Centralization in India was initiated
• The Governor of Bengal was made the Governor-General.
• Warren Hastings- first Governor-General of India.
• Governors of Bombay and Madras subordinate to the Governor of Bengal.
• power to make rules and regulations.

• The Governor-General was assisted The number of Directors in the EIC

by a Council of 4 members was fixed at of 4 members.
• The Governor-General had to follow the orders of the Directors of the
Company.

• A Supreme Court was established at Calcutta in 1774.

• Chief Justice and 3 Assistant Judges.

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 50

 Pitts India Act of 1784
• As per this Act of 1784, the territories of East India Company was called as
the “British Possessions in India”
• Joint Government of British India run by the Crown and Company was
established. The government had the ultimate power and authority.
• A Court of Directors was formed for Commercial Operations and 6 member
Board of Control were appointed for Political affairs.
• Governor General’s Council was reduced from 4 members to 3 members.
• Governors Councils were established in Bombay and Madras.

Charter Act of 1813

• It brought an end to the monopoly of East India Company, over trade with
India.
• Trade with India was opened for all British Citizens with the exception of
3/19/2023 Tea Trade. Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 51
 Charter Act of 1833
• Governor-General of Bengal became the Governor-General of India.
• Lord William Bentick was the 1st Governor-General of India.
• East India Company ended as a mere administrative body, it was no longer a
commercial body.
• The Governor-General was given full control over revenue, civil and military.

Charter Act of 1853

• Civil Service Examination was introduced.
• Executive and Legislative functions of the Governor-General were separated.
• This Act provided for the addition of 6 new members to the Legislative Council, 4
members were appointed by Provisional Governments of Bengal, Bombay, Madras
and Agra.
• Governor General’s Legislative Council came to be known as the Central
3/19/2023 Legislative Council. Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 52
Phase 2 – Constitutional experiments under the British Crown
(1857-1947)
Government of India Act of 1858
• Brought an end to the rule of East India Company.
• The Secretary of State for India controlled the Indian Administration through the Viceroy of
India.
• The Secretary of State for India was assisted by the 15 member Council of India.
• Governor-General of India was made the Viceroy of India.
• Lord Canning was the 1st Viceroy of India.
Indian Council Act of 1861
• Indians were nominated as non-official members for the 1st time in the Legislative
Council of Viceroy.
• Legislative Councils were established in Provinces and Centre.
• Veto power to Governor General.
• Legislative powers of the Provinces of Bombay and Madras were restored.
• Legislative Councils were started in the Provinces of Punjab, (NWFP), Bengal.
• Council of G.G divided
3/19/2023 • Executive council Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 53
• Legislative council
 Indian Council Act of 1892

• The size of the Legislative Council was increased.

• Central legislature: From 10 to 16
• Provincial legislature: From 8 to 20
• The Legislative Council was given more power, they had the power to
deliberate on the Budget and could pose questions to the Executive.
• Indirect elections were introduced for the 1st time.

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 54

 Indian National Congress- 1885
• Founder: retired Civil Services Officer-Sir Allan Octavian hume.
• He also wrote a letter in 1883 to uni of Calcutta.
• Umesha Chandra Banerjee was the first president of Congress;
• the first session was attended by 72 delegates, representing each province
of India.
• In 1915, Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa and joined Congress.
• Ilbert Bill, in the history of India, a controversial measure proposed in 1883
that sought to allow senior Indian magistrates to preside over cases
involving British subjects in India. The bill, severely weakened by
compromise, was enacted by the Indian Legislative Council on Jan. 25,
1884.

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 55

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 56
Bengal Partition - 1905
• Historical Background
• Lord Curzon viceroy-1898
• Charles Grants proposed partition -1853
• Lord Dalhouise in 1854
• Famine in Orissa 1866
• Sir George Campbell -1872
• The Bengal Presidency encompassed Bengal, Bihar, parts of Chhattisgarh, Orissa, and
Assam.
• Population of 78.5 million-largest province.
• Curzon planned to split Orissa and Bihar and join fifteen eastern districts of Bengal with
Assam. (Dhaka center)
Development of the New Province
• Tour by Lord Curzon in 1904
• Assured the muslims to give new province
• Board of Revenue
• Legislative council
• Dacca will be made capital
• Division: 20July, 1905
• Area of new province: 1,06,500 sq.miles
3/19/2023 • Population: 31 M(2/3rd muslims)
Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 57
Bengal Partition - 1905
• Opposition
• Surendranath Banerjee started swadeshi.
• boycotting British goods.
The day of partition coincided Raksha Bandhan day, celebrates sibling relationships.
novelist Rabindranath Tagore tie rakhi, especially to Muslims.
• Partition day declared as black day
• Maran Bharat- hunger strike till death
• Bampfylde Fuller- 1st Governor General of East Bengal resigned as he was unable to
control the hindu egitation.

Annulment of Bengal Partition in 1911

• 12 Dec-1911
• By King George 5th in Dehli Darbar

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 58

 Shimla deputation-1906

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 59

 Shimla deputation-1906
• Historical background
• Ali garh movement
• Urdu hindi controversary
• Liberal government in UK in 1906
• New Viceroy-Lord Minto
• Partition of Bengal and Hindu agitation
• Deputation
• Archbold-Principle of Aligarh college
• Dunlop smith-PSO to viceroy
• The committee, led by Aga Khan-III Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah,
• (He is buried in the Mausoleum of Aga Khan on the Nile in Aswan Egypt)
• 25 Members went to Simla to meet with Lord Minto on 1 October 1906
• Demand separate electorates and separate provincial council seats for Muslims.
• Muslims be appointed judge in highcourts
• Electoral system preferred over nomination
• Specific proportions in gazzeted and non-gazzeted seats for muslims
• Funding for Aligarh college
• Muslims should be given representation inSir.
3/19/2023 exective council
Syed Qaiser Abbass of viceroy 60
 All India Muslim league
At Dhaka, in 20th session of All India Muhammaden Educational Conference.
Nawab salimullah khan called a meeting on 30 Dec 1906 at his own residence.
Joint secretary: Nawab Vaqar ul Mulk, Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk.
60 members under supervision of M.M ali Johar drafted the constitution of
the league
Constitution: “The Green Book”
Quaid e azam joined in 1913
Dr. k.k Aziz :
• The old belief of Sir Syed that muslims are separate entity
• Hindu factors of Congress didn’t allow muslims to associate themselves with other
Indians
• Agitation against Partition of Bengal
• Muslims desire to have their own exclusive electorate for all representative
institutions.
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 61
 All India Muslim league
 Four Groups (Pioneer)
• Confront the movement of hindu against Partition of Bengal
• Nawab Salimullah Khan
• Nawab Ali Chaudhry
• This group wants agitation to get separate electorate demand & jobs
• M.Ali Johar
• Yaqoob Hassan
• Protection of Urdu should be AIML priority
• Nawab waqar ul mulk
• Sahibzada Aftab Ahmed Khan
• AIML should cooperate with Indian National Congress
• Mian Fazal Hussain
• Molana Hasrat Mohani

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 62

 All India Muslim league
• Provincial Leagues
• 1907- Molvi Rfiudden Ahmed set up branch of AIML at POONA.
• 1907- Muhammad Shafi in Punjab
• 1908- In Madras
• 1908- The London Muslim league. By Syed Ameer Ali
• 1909- AIML branch in East Bengal.

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 63

 Indian Councils Act, 1909 – Minto Morley Reforms

• For the 1st time, Direct elections were introduced for the
Legislative Councils.
• The Central Legislative Council was renamed as the Imperial
Legislative Council.
• The Communal representation system was introduced by giving
separate electorate. It was a system where seats were reserved
only for Muslims and only Muslims would be polled.
• For the first time, Indians were appointed to the Executive
Council of Viceroy.
• Satyendra Sinha was the law member.

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 64

 New Path for AIML Policies
• Annulment of Bengal Partition
• Conditions of Muslim countries
• Italy attack Tripoli in 1911
• Invasion in turkey by Balkan states in 1911
• Dr. Mukhtar Ansari with 23 members went for medical camp
• Russia attack on Iran and damanged the tomb of Imam Raza a.s
• Ali garh university name issue
• Funds issue, Aligarh college building was not for Uni level.
• Sir agha khan donations
• Lt. G and hindus said this uni will not named as Aligarh muslim uni
• Change in AIML
• Change in AIML constitution
• Joining age reduced from 25 to 21
• Membership fee from 25/- to 20/-.
• Central office from Aligarh to Lucknow.
• A young secretary ‘AZIZ MIRZA’
3/19/2023 • Loyalty to Britian changed into attain self-Rule.
Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 65
 Kanpur mosque tragedy

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 66

 Kanpur mosque tragedy
• Historical background
• Annulment of Partition of Bengal in 1911
• Change in the path of AIML policy
• In 1908, UP govt. sanctioned 2.5 lac rupees grant for extension of Kanpur roads
• This includes A.B road.
• At Machli bazar, a mosque and a temple were opposite.
• Eastern part of mosque was used for ablution purpose, (for prayer During Juma)
• A memorial was presented to Lt. G (Sir James Meston) of UP.
• Eastern part is not sacred as it is used for ablution purpose so it was demolished.
• Muslims gathered at Eidgah and try to place bricks again at the site.
• Police fired 600 rounds in 15 mints.
• Lt. G distributed appreciation certificated among police officers.
• All muslim press condemn the incident.
• Viceroy Lord Harding visited the site and apology from muslims, condemn Lt. G and Tylors actions.
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 67
 Lucknow Pact
• Joint session at Lucknow in Dec-1916.
• Itifaq main Barkat (Unity is strength)
• Quaid e Azam joined AIML in 1913 also participated
• Ambassador of peace- Title by Miss Sarojni Naindu
• The Congress agreed
• To separate electorates for Muslims in imperial and provincial
legislative councils
• The idea of one-third seats for the Muslims(although muslims were not
1/3rd)
• No act affecting a community should be passed unless three-quarters
of that community's members on the council supported it.
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 68
 Lucknow Pact
• Important Features
• Weightage formula was agreed in which muslims would get less seats than
their population in Punjab and Bengal.
Provinces52.6 % of muslim Population % of muslim seats
Punjab 54.8 50
Bengal 52.6 40
Bombay 20 33
UP 14 30
Madras 6.5 15
Bihar & Orissa 10.5 25
C.P 4.3 15

• No. of Imperial legislative council should increased to 150 seats.

• No. of provincial councils 125 in large province and 50-75 in small.
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 69
 Lucknow Pact
• Right to move adjournment given to members of the councils.
• Provinces should be given more autonomy.
• One assistant secretary of Sec. of state must be an indian.
• Secretary of state of india should get salary from Britian, not by indian treasury.
• Judiciary must be separated from Exective.
Muslim Reaction:
• Aligarh movement people rejected
• Mian Muhammad shafi also rejected
• Paisa akhbar criticized
• Bengalees rejected as they being in majority cant make government.
Hindu reaction:
• All india hindu muhasba rejected as it gives separate electorate rights to muslims
• Hindus from Lucknow also rejected
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 70
Government of India Act, 1919 – Montagu Chelmsford
Reforms

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 71

Government of India Act, 1919 – Montagu Chelmsford
Reforms
• Bicameralism was introduced for the 1st time.
• Upper house-Council of staes 60 members (5 years)
• Lower house-Central Legislative 145 Members (3 years)
• Provincial and Central Subjects were separated.
• Diarchy, a scheme of Dual Governance was introduced in the Provincial Subjects, it was divided
into Reserved and Transferred.
• The transferred list included agriculture, health, education, and supervision of the local government : answerable by
Ministers of Provincial Council.
• The reserved list included communications, foreign affairs, defense; answerable by Viceroy.
Diarchy system

Provincial Subjects Central Subjects

Reserved list

Transferred list

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 72

Government of India Act, 1919 – Montagu Chelmsford
Reforms
• Out of 6 members in Viceroy’s Executive Council, 3 of them were Indians.
• The Act provided provisions for the establishment of the Public Service Commission in
India for the first time.
• Communal Representation extended to Christians, Anglo-Indians, Sikhs.
• The franchise was given to a limited population which was based on people who had
taxable income, had property and paid land revenue of Rs 3000.
• Setting up a statutory commission at the end of 10 years to look into the working of the
Government.

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 73

 Rowlatt Act- March 1919

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 74

 Rowlatt Act- March 1919

• Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919.

• The act was passed as per recommendations of the Rowlatt
Committee chaired by a judge, Sir Sidney Rowlatt, after
whom the act is named.

• Passed in March 1919 by the Imperial Legislative Council.

• arrest anybody suspected of terrorist activities.
• to detain such people arrested for up to 2 years without trial.
• Empowered the police to search for a place without a warrant.
• Severe restrictions on the freedom of the press.

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 75

 Rowlatt Act-March 1919
• Who resigned from Imperial Legislative Council
after the Rowlatt Act was passed?
•Madan Mohan Malviya
•Muhammad Ali Jinnah
•Mazhar ul Haq

When was Rowlatt Satyagraha Initiated? 6th April 1919

Which Congress Leaders were arrested? Dr. Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 76

 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre- 13 April 1919

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 77

 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre- 13 April 1919
• Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab Michael O’Dwyer.
• Lord Chelmsford was India’s Viceroy.
• Baisakhi on 13th April 1919 in Jallianwala Bagh,
• Gandhi on 10 April also announced his visit to Punjab for protest.
• Party wokers were arrested, people gathered at Jallianwala bag to protest.
• General Dyer came from jullandar to Amritsar with his troops (475-English, 71
Indian soldiers) blocked the only narrow entrance to the garden.
• Firing 10 minutes at 4 PM on 13 April
• 1650 rounds of ammunition
• Deaths of at least 1000 people
• Injured more than 1500 people.
• Hunter Commission
• to inquire into the massacre.
• commission condemned the act by Dyer,
• it did not impose any disciplinary action against him.
• He was relieved of his duties in the army in 1920.
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 78
 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre- 13 April 1919
• Rabindranath Tagore gave up his knighthood and
• Gandhiji relinquished his title ‘Kaiser-e-hind’
• Michael O’Dwyer, the then Lieutenant-Governor of
Punjab, who had approved the actions of Brigadier-
General Dyer, was assassinated by Udham Singh in
London in 1940

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 79

 Khilafat Movement
• Historical Background
• During the time of Hazrat Usman R.A
• Hazrat Umer bin Abdul aziz wrote many letters to indian notables
• Abasi caliphate- AlMansoor appointed one Mufti abdi as Naib in
Sindh. On his name- city Mansoora
• Before every expedition , Mehmood of Ghazni got a formal
permission from Caliphate. Awarded title: Yameen ud doula
• Shamsud din Iltumish got title: Khlat
• Muhamad Tughlaq carved name of Caliphate on coin.
• Mughal empire was contemporary to Turky caliphate and Mughal
showed a great respect to all Turkish caliphs
• Tipu sultan good relationship with khalifa Sultan abadul saleem
3rd .
• Holy wars (crusades) turkey fought against Christianity.
• Indian muslims strongly condemned Balkan wars against turkey.
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 80
 Khilafat Movement
• Khilafat committee formed
• Muslims were concerned if WW1 lost by Germany then Britain
will punish turkey too.
• 20 March 1919 Khilafat committee formed
• 15000 muslims gathered at Bomby
• Seth Jan Muhammad Chottani – President
• All India khilafat conference Presided by A.K.M fazul haq
• 23-24 March 1919
Four points
 We will not celebrate armistics
 If turkey be punished, we muslim we join non cooperation movement
 We are going to start swadeshi movement
 A delegation formed to convey our sentiments to Britian govt .

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 81

 Khilafat Movement
• Khilafat Delegation Dec-1919
• Congress and Khilafat committee joined meeting at Amritsar
• Molana M. Johar was in jail, when released and joined khilafat committee.
• It was a unanimous decision to send a delegation to UK.

• Treaty of Versailles- May 1920

• Punishment was given to Gemrnay and Turkey and Japan

• Demads
• No change in Caliphate
• Najad, Hijaz, Iraq be ruled by Muslims
• Initiate self rule movement as it is necessary to get freedom to protect muslims
all over the world.
• Delegation met with Lloyd George but failed to pursue him.

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 82

 Khilafat Movement
Non Cooperation Movement
• Jamiat ullema hind fatwa Tark e Mawalat
• Boycot of courts
• Boycot of schools, colleges, uni
• Dissociation from Legislative councils
• Renounce titles
• Resigns govt jobs
Hijrat Movement
• Molana abdul kalam azad and Molana abdul bari issued fatwa
• Declared india as dar ul harb
• 750 muslims moved to Afghanistan then 30000.
• Hindus motivated muslims to go afghansitan by selling property at
low price.
• It was emotional and ill managed movement

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 83

 Khilafat Movement
Mopilla Revolt-1921
• Malabar (a district in Madras)
• These were arab tribes, very poor under hindu lords
• Khilafat committee set up in Madras, Govt. imposed
ban on it
• Situation worsed and Martial law was imposed.
• 2339 Mopilla martyred
• 1652 wounded
• 5900 Arrested

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 84

 Khilafat Movement
End of Khilafat Movement
• Gandhi closed Non-Cooperation movement when people set fire on Police
station and burnt 21 constables alive at Chora chori (Distt: Gorakhpur) in Feb-
1922
• Ata Turk demolished calipha and this was the end of Khilafat movement.

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 85

 Dehli-Muslims Proposals
• Historical Background
• Muslim Hindu unity era ended 1916-1924
• Muslims reveled Veds as sacred books
• Bath in Ganga, Use of Tilak by Muslims
• Participated in Ram leela
Riots
• 1922 in Multan
• 1922 in Saharanpur-100 killed
• 1927 in kohat
• 1923-27, 117 riots, took 450 lives, injuries 15600
Shuddi and Sanghtha Tanzeem and Tabhleegh
Founder: Pandit Madam Mohan Malvia Dr. Saifuddin
Lala lajpat raey Meer Ghulam Bheek
Shardanand
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 86
 Dehli-Muslims Proposals
• Quaid with 30 muslim leader proposed for Hindu muslim unity
• Gathering at Western hotel-Dehli
• If these accepted we will leave our demand of separate electorate
Proposals
• Sindh should be separated from Mumbai presidency
• Legislative councils should formed NWFP & Balochistan.
• Muslim presentation in Bengal and Punjab should be according to our population
• 1/3rd seats in Central legislation be fixed for muslims.
• These if accepted should be accepted completely

Results
• Congress first appreciated this effort but then denied
• Mian Muhammad shafi also offended on giving up Separate electorate.
• Quaid group & Mian Shafi group

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 87

 Simon Commission
• Historical Background
• Montagu Chelmsford reforms-10 years review
• 84-A amended and review ‘within 10 years’
• Under Jhon Simon with 07 members visit India
• Britain election Conservative party Vs Labor Party 1929 so
Conservative was afraid that Labor party will use this case against
us
• All the member of the commission were Britain so congress
and AIML rejected
• In 1928, Quaid e azam gave two proposals
• Commission should be changed into joint commission
• Form an independent Indian commission with same power
• Britain stance
• 2-3 Indians can’t present whole india
• If all communities added then it will not be a commission
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 88
 Simon Commission
• Indian Reply
• Skeen committee
• Lee commission
• Indian legislative assembly also rejected Simon commission
Proponents of Commission
• We should avail this opportunity
• It is here just for study the reality
• Jinnah league- Bycot
• Shafi league- welcomed
• Allama Iqbal also welcomed
• Punjab Landlord Association- welcomed
• Chief Khalsa Diwan-welomed
• National Unionist Party-welcomed

Death of Lala lajpat Raey

• Simon reached lhr- Oct 1928
• Go Back, Simon
• Police action, abaton hit Lala and he died in Meo hospital after a
3/19/2023few day Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 89
 Simon Commission
• Simon Reports
• Published on May-1930
• 1st Volume: Surveyed about Indian Political, Communal, Constitutional,
Administrative, Financial, Educational Reforms
• 2nd Volume: About constitutional reforms
• Proposals
• Dyarchy system in provinces abolished and all powers be given to
provincial ministries
• Powers of governor on provinces reduced
• Federal system of government be introduced in India
• Right of vote be extended to more people
• Sindh be separated from Mumbai after complete study
• Muslims Rejected
• Quaid Reaction
• Jhallian wala bagh was physical butchery and simon commission is the butchery of our
souls

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 90

 Nehru Report-1928
• Motilal Nehru (1861 –1931)
• an Indian lawyer, activist and
• politician belonging to the Indian National Congress.
• He also served as the Congress President twice, 1919–
1920 and 1928–1929.
• The father of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime
Minister of India.
• Jawaharlal Nehru (1889 –1964)
• was an Indian anti-colonial nationalist,
• Nehru was a principal leader of the Indian nationalist
movement in the 1930s and 1940s.
• India's independence in 1947, he became
the first Prime Minister of India,
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 91
 Nehru Report-1928
• The Nehru Report of 1928 was a memorandum
• All Parties Conference in British India to appeal for a
new dominion status and a federal set-up of government
• Proposed for the Joint Electorates with reservation of
seats for minorities in the legislatures.
• It was prepared by a committee chaired by Motilal Nehru,
with Jawaharlal Nehru acting as the secretary.
• There were nine other members in the committee.
• The final report was signed by Motilal Nehru and
Jawaharlal Nehru, Ali Imam, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Madhav
Shrihari Aney, Mangal Singh, Shuaib Qureshi, Subhas
Chandra Bose, and G. R. Pradhan.
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 92
 Nehru Report-1928
• The Report
• "Dominion Status" for India.
• There should be federal form of government with residuary powers vested in
the centre.
• Separate electorates were refused and the reservation of seats for the Muslims
of Bengal and Punjab was rejected. Only to the community that is 10% of the
population.
• Sindh separated fro Bombai and Sindh would attain financial burden.
• As muslims are less than 1/4 rd in population so there demand for 1/3rd reserved
seats should not be accepted.
• There shall be no state religion; men and women shall have equal rights
as citizens.
• The language of the Union shall be Hindustani, which may be written either in
Devanagari or Urdu character. The use of the English language shall be
permitted.

• Dr. K.K AZIZ

3/19/2023
• Nehru report put a seal on Hindu-MuslimSir.unity
Syed Qaiser Abbass
for ever.
93
 Fourteen Points-1929
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah left for England in May 1928
• returned after six months.
• In March 1929, the Muslim League session was held in Delhi under the presidency of Jinnah
• He consolidated Muslim viewpoints under fourteen items and these fourteen points became
Jinnah's 14 points and the manifesto of the All India Muslim League.

• The form of the future constitution should be federal, with the residuary powers vested in the
provinces.
• A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.
• All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite principle of
adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province without reducing the majority in
any province to minority or even equality.
• In the Central Legislature, Muslim representation shall not be less than one-third
• Representation of communal groups shall continue to be by separate electorates: provided that it shall
be open to any community, at any time, to abandon its separate electorate in favour of joint electorate.
• Any territorial distribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any way affect the Muslim
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 94
majority in Punjab, Bengal, and NWFP provinces.
Fourteen Points-1929
• Full religious liberty shall be guaranteed to all communities.
• One-third representation shall be given to Muslims in both central and provincial cabinets.
• No bill or resolution shall be passed in any legislature if three-fourths of the members of
any community in that body oppose the bill.
• Sindh should be separated from Bombay to a province.
• Reforms should be introduced in the NWFP and Baluchistan on the same footings as in the
other provinces.
• Muslims should be given an adequate share in all services, having due regard to the
requirement of efficiency.
• The Constitution should embody adequate safeguards for the protection of Muslim
culture, education, language, religion, and personal laws, as well as for Muslim charitable
institutions.
• No change will be made in the constitution without the consent of the province.

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 95

•

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 96

 Allahabad Address-1930

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 97

 Allahabad Address-1930
• It was delivered by Iqbal during the 21st annual session of AIML
• On the afternoon of Monday, 29 December 1930,at Allahabad in (U. P.)
• It is hometown of Nehru.
• Venue:
• House of Tobacco Merchant- Rahim Bakhsh
• Participants: 300-400 People
• He opposed the idea of single Indian nation
• Islam is living force.
• He quoted French Philosopher Renan and by his definition of nation,
India is not a single nation
• I would like to see Punjab, Bengal, NWFP, Baluchistan, Sindh
ambulated into a single state.
• Sindh be separated from Bombay.

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 98

 Round Table Conference

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 99

 Round Table Conference
• The three Round Table Conferences of 1930–1932 were a series of peace conferences organized by
the British Government and Indian political personalities to discuss constitutional reforms in India.
• These started in November 1930 and ended in December 1932.
• They were conducted as per the recommendation of Muhammad Ali Jinnah to Viceroy Lord
Irwin and Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, and by the report submitted by the Simon
Commission in May 1930.
• Ramsay MacDonald was also chairman of a subcommittee on minority representation,
• First Round Table Conference (12 November 1930 – 19 January 1931)
• The Round Table Conference officially inaugurated by His Majesty George V on November 12, 1930 in Royal
Gallery House of Lords at London and chaired by the Prime Minister.
• The eight British political parties were represented by sixteen delegates.
• There were fifty-eight political leaders from British India and sixteen delegates from the princely states.
• In total 74 delegates from India attended the Conference.
• However, the Indian National Congress, along with Indian business leaders, kept away from the conference.
Many of them were in jail for their participation in Civil Disobedience Movement.
• 9 sub-committees were formed to deal with several different matters including federal structure, provincial
constitution, province of Sindh and NWFP, defense services and minorities e.t.c
• The culmination of events were settled by the Gandhi–Irwin Pact (1931). A chastised Gandhi wanted
the peaceful end to civil disobedience demanded by the Viceroy and his Council.
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 Round Table Conference
• Second Round Table Conference (07 September 1931 –
01 December 1931)
• The Second Session opened on September 7, 1931. There were
three major differences between the first and second Round
Table Conferences.
• Congress Representation
• National Government — two weeks earlier
the Labour government in London had fallen. Ramsay
MacDonald now headed a National Government dominated by
the Conservative Party.
• At the end of the conference Ramsay MacDonald undertook to
produce a Communal Award for minority representation,
• Poona Pact of 1932.
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 Round Table Conference
• Third Round Table Conference (November –
December 1932)
• The third and last session assembled on November 17,
1932. Only forty-six delegates attended since most of the
main political figures of India were not present. The
Labour Party from Britain and the Indian National
Congress refused to attend.
• From September 1931 until March 1933, under the
supervision of the Secretary of State for India, Sir Samuel
Hoare, the proposed reforms took the form reflected in
the Government of India Act 1935.

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 Government of India Act 1935
• White paper was issued in 1932
• It was sent to Select Committee,
• 18 month working by this committee
• 159 session held
• In, April-1935 Bill was presented in British
Parliament
• Bill was debated in House of Commons- 43
days
• Bill was debated in House of Lords-13 days

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 Government of India Act 1935
• This was the longest and last constitutional measure introduced by
British India. It was the result of multiple round table conferences
and a report by the Simon Commission.
• As per the Act, the powers were divided into Federal List, Provincial
List and Concurrent List.
• Provincial autonomy was introduced in the Provinces by abolishing
the Diarchy.
• There was provision for the adoption of Diarchy at the Centre.
• Provided provisions for establishing Federal Court, Reserve Bank of
India (RBI).
• There was provision for the establishment of All India Federation
consisting of Provinces and the Princely States as units.
• Power of Secretary of state of India lessened.
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 Bicameralism was introduced in 6 Provinces (Bengal, Bombay,
Madras, Assam, Bihar, United Provinces) out of 11 provinces.

Bicameral

Indian Legislative assembly Council of States

Total seats: 375 Not more than 260

125 Indian 140 Indian

250 Britain india 156 Britain india
States States

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 105

 Congress Ministries 1937-1939
• Provincial elections were held in British India in the winter of
1936-37 as mandated by the Government of India Act 1935.
• Elections were held in eleven provinces
- Madras, CP, Bihar, Orissa, UP, Bombay, Assam,
NWFP, Bengal, Punjab and Sind.
• Electorate
• The Government of India Act 1935 increased the number of
enfranchised people. Approximately 30 million people,
• The Act provided for a limited adult franchise based on property
qualifications such as land ownership and rent, and therefore
favored landholders and richer farmers in rural areas.
• Feb-March 1937
Congress AIML
More Resoures Less Resources
Popular is Public Less popular
Strong print Media No print media (only one
newspaper)
• Election Results
Total Seats: 1585
• 3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 106
• Congres won: 711 (7 Provinces)
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 107
 Provincial Seats results- 1937 Election
Province Congress Muslim League Other parties Independents Muslim seats Total
Assam 33 10 38 27 34 108
36 (Krishak Praja Party)
Bengal 54 43 113 119 250
10 (Independent Muslims
Bihar 98 0 28 32 34 152
Bombay 86 18 29 42 30 175
CP 70 5 16 21 112
Madras 159 9 21 26 29 215
NWFP 19 0 7 (Hindu-Sikh Nationalists) 24 36 50
Orissa 36 0 14 10 60
95 (Unionist Party)
14 (Khalsa National Board)
Punjab 18 2 11 (Hindu Election Board) 22 86 175
10 (Akalis)
4 (Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam)

Sindh 7 0 48 5 34 60
UP 133 29 22 (National Agriculturists) 47 66 228
Total 707 116 397 385 1585

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Central Legislative results 1937 Election

Province Congress Muslim League Other parties Independents Europeans Total

Assam 10 (Non-Congress)
6 (Assam Valley Muslim Party) 2 3 21

Bengal 9 7 9 (Krishak Praja Party) 32 6 63

Bihar 8 2 (United) 16 3 29

2 (Democratic Swaraj)
Bombay 13 2 1 (Majlis-e-Ahrar) 8 4 30

Madras 26 3 5 (Justice Party) 12 8 54

United 4 (National Agriculturists)

Provinces 8 1 (Majlis-e-Ahrar) 39 8 60

Total 64 12 38 111 32 257

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 Congress Ministries 1937-1939
• AIML wish to make collation government
• Congres leader abu kalam azad letter to khaliqzaman
• Congress Rule:
• Taranga Flag
• Bande Matram
• Writter Bengali: Bankim Chandra Chaterji
• Novel: Anadmath
• Change in way of greetings
• Recitation of Muslims students in schools
• Construction of new mosques was banned and Muslims were harassed while they
offered prayers.
• Warda Taleemi Scheme was to displace the idea of two nation theory from minds of
Muslim children
• Vidya Mandar Scheme started in Central province and Bihar aimed at promoting Hindu
culture by making Mandar education necessary at elementary level.
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• Urdu language issue
 Congress Ministries 1937-1939
• The Congress ministries resigned in October and November 1939, in
protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow/s action of declaring India to be a
belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the elected
representatives of the Indian peoples.

• Pirpur report
• 8 Member committee under Raja syed Mehdi of Pirpur
• 96 pages, 3 portions

• Sharfudin report
• In Bihar

The day of Deliverence – 22-0ct-1939

Quaid-i-Azam asked the Muslims to observe it as a ‘Day of Deliverance’ with peace
and without any harmful intent towards any other nation. Prayers of thanksgiving
3/19/2023
and gratitude were offered andSir.Muslims took a sigh of relief from the atrocities
Syed Qaiser Abbass 111
committed against them in the two-year Congress rule.
Content
• Lahore Resolution-1940
• August Offer-1940
• Defense council and AIML- 1941
• Cripps Mission – 1942
• Quit india movement- 1942
• C.R Formula- 1944
• Jinnah Gandhi talks-1944
• Wavell plan-1945
• Election- 1945-46
• Cabinet Mission Plan-1946
• Direct Action Day (16 August 1946)
• Interim Government- Sep 1946
• June 3rd Plan
• Rad cliff award- 1947
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Lahore Resolution-1940

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 Lahore Resolution-1940
• Khaksar tragedy
• established by Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi in 1931,
• Ban on wearing military uniform by para military forces
• Strike on 19 March at bhati gate, 50 Khaksar died
• Quaid came on 21 March and visited wounded khaksar at Meo hospital
• Arrangment by
• Nawab of kala bag (Sir Shah Hussain of Mamdot)
• The session was held on 22–24 March 1940, at Iqbal Park, Lahore.
The welcome address was made by Sir Shah Nawaz Khan of
Mamdot, as the chairman of the local reception committee.
• Pandal capacity: 60,000
• Punjab police report: 25000

• Pakistan resolution, was written and prepared by Muhammad

Zafarullah Khan.
• was presented by A. K. Fazlul Huq the Prime Minister of Bengal,
• 400 words, 4 paragraphs
• North west and Eastern India as independent muslimSir.state
3/19/2023 Syed Qaiser Abbass 114
 August Offer-1940
• Historical Background:
• Lahore Resolution passed by AIML
• Start of WW-2
• 8 Aug-1940
• The August Offer was an offer made by Viceroy Linlithgow in 1940, at Simla
• Proposals:
• Executive Council of the Viceroy of India to include more Indians,
• establishment of an advisory war council,
• giving full weight to minority opinion,
• recognition of Indians' right to frame their own constitution. (after the end of the war).
• In return, India would cooperate in Britain's efforts in World War II.
• Rejected by the Congress as the minorities, especially the Muslim League, were
assured that no constitutional scheme was acceptable to the government without
their agreement, i.e. providing a veto power to the Muslim League. The Muslim
League did not accept the offer, as it did not give a clear assurance for the
establishment of Pakistan.
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 Defense council and AIML- 1941
• Due to WW2 the defense council was formed to motivate Indians
to participate in ww2
• Extension of Viceroy council- July 1941
• 30 members were included (6 from AIML) but without consultation
with Quaid e Azam. And Quaid asked these 6 members to resign.
• Molvi A.k Fazul haq (didn’t resign, even he left AIML)
• Sir Sadullah
• Begum shah Nawaz (don’t resigned and expelled from AIML for 5 years)
• Sir Zafarullah khan
• Sir Sikandar Hayyat
• Nawab Ahmed saeed

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 116

 Cripps Mission - 1942
• Historical Background
• Era of WW2
• Japan reached at Sub continent border. Near Burma
• Congress try to exploit the situation
• Britain sent Cripps to reach some political breakthrough
• Arrived: 22March 1942
• Proposals
• Complete independence after end of WW2
• Dominion status be given to India and will be associated with UK.
• Constitution assembly will form constitution after WW2.
• Non acceding provinces have their own separate union.
• Majesty will be remain for Indian Defense in critical period like now.
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 Final Year of British Raj
• Quit india movement- 1942
• 14 July 1942
• Strikes by congress, set fire on railway station
• Try hard to pressurize the Britain
• Gandhi was arrested 9 Aug 1942
• Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement in August 1942,
• arrested with other Congress lieutenants like Nehru and Patel.
• He was held separately in the Agha Khan's Pune palace
• while others were kept in the Ahmednagar Fort.

• Now he decided to launch his ''Satyagraha'', he commenced after the early morning breakfast on 10
February 1943 a fast for 21 days. Weighing 109 pounds when he began, Gandhi lost eighteen pounds after
his 22-day fast.

Kasturbai Gokuldas Kapadia-wife Of Gandhi.

• She died at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune, at 7:35 PM local time on 22 February 1944,
aged 74.

3/19/2023 • Gandhi broke his fast on 3 MarchSir.1943.

Syed Qaiser Abbass 118
 Final Year of British Raj
• C.R Formula- 1944
• Congress try to capture Quaid e azam,
• Whole congress leadership was under arrest
• Rajagopal charia on behalf of Gandhi try to convince Quaid for his demands
• Quaid rejected as he was taking on Gandhi behalf and not Congress behalf
Proposals
• AIML will cooperate with congress in formation of govt.
• After WW2, muslims majority provinces will go through plebiscite,
• if people vote for independence, then will decide about states
• Before Referendum all parties are free to advocate their viewpoint in public

• Jinnah Gandhi talks- 1944

• Gandhi wrote a letter to Jinnah- 17 July 1944,
• Meeting at Quaid Residence 9 to 23 September at Malabar Hill, Bombay
• Continued for 25 hours
• Failure of these talks announced on 27 Sep
• Reasons of Failure
• Gandhi was talking at his own capacity
• Gandhi wants independence first then division
3/19/2023 • Quaid wants division first the independence
Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 119
 Wavell plan-1945

• Lord Wavell
• L.S Amery- Sec. state of India
• At Simla on 25 June 1945 11:00 AM
• Viceroy of India Lord Wavell + Major political leaders of British India
• Venue: Viceregal Lodge in Simla.

• When it was clear that British intended to leave India, they desperately needed an
agreement on what should happen when they leave.
• Talks, stalled on the issue of the selection of Muslim representatives.
• Seeking to assert itself and its claim to be the sole representative of Indian Muslims,
the All-India Muslim League refused to back any plan in which the Indian National
Congress, the dominant party in the talks, appointed Muslim representatives
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 120
 Election- 1945-46
• On 19 September 1945, the Viceroy Lord Wavell announced that elections to the central and
provincial legislatures would be held in December 1945 to January 1946.
• General elections were held in British India in December 1945 to elect members of the

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 Election- 1945 (Central)

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 Election- 1946 (Provincial Election)
Provincial elections were held in British India in January 1946 to elect members of the
legislative councils of British Indian provinces

Political Parties Name Seats

Congress 923

AIML 425

Independent 114

Other parties 123

Total 1585

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 Election- 1946 (Provincial Election)

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 124

 Cabinet Mission Plan-1946
• Labor party govt. in UK, that govt. want immediate solution of India
• Lord Pethick-Lawrence (Secretary of State for India),
• Sir Stafford Cripps (President of the Board of Trade)
• A.V. Alexander (First Lord of the Admiralty).
• The mission proposed a complicated system for India with three tiers: the
provinces, provincial groupings and the center.
• Plan
• There would be union of India (centre) to deal with
• Defense
• Communication
• Foreign Affairs
• Currency
• Group A
• UP, CP, Bombay, Bihar, Orissa and Madras would make Group A
• Group B
• Sind, Punjab, Northwest Frontier and Baluchistan
3/19/2023 • Group C Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 125
 Cabinet Mission Plan-1946
• All residual powers vested to Provinces.
• To elect constitutional assembly, seats would be reserved for
every province according to Population.
• Any province can vote for reconciliation after 10 years.
• An interim govt. be formed having all powers to Indian people.

• Congress reaction:
• Very happy, Nehru stated, Quaid Pak got state burial today.
• AIML reaction:
• Rejected these proposals as AIML wants Lahore resolution and a
separate Pakistan.
• But group B & C in future after 10 years can reconcile to make
Pakistan so AIML accepted this plan.
3/19/2023 • Muslim league accepted theQaiser
Sir. Syed planAbbass
of grouping as it safe guard the 126
muslims of india.
 Cabinet Mission Plan-1946

• Further actions against Cabinet plan

• July-1946
• Nehru replaced M. Abdul kalam azad as congress president.
• He stated plan is an appeal so we reject this.
• Quaid e azam infuriated and also rejected the plan and started Hartal
• Direct Action Day (16 August 1946) was the day the Muslim League
decided to take "direct action" for a separate Muslim homeland after the
British exit from India. Also known as the 1946 Calcutta Killings,
• More than 4,000 people died and 100,000 residents were left homeless
in Calcutta within 72 hours.
• The violence sparked off further religious riots in the surrounding
regions of Noakhali, Bihar, UP, Punjab and NWFP.
• The events sowed the seeds for the eventual Partition of India.
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 127
 Direct Action Day (16 August 1946)
• 1946 Calcutta
• it was a day of nationwide communal riots. It led to large-scale violence between Muslims
and Hindus in the city of Calcutta Killings,
• The day also marked the start of what is known as The Week of the Long Knives.

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 128

 Interim Government- Sep 1946
• On 2 September 1946, Nehru's cabinet was
installed.
• Millions of Indian Muslim households flew black
flags to protest the installation of the Congress
government.
• Jinnah did not himself join the interim government
but sent Liaquat Ali Khan into it to play a secondary
role.
• Congress did not want to give him the important
position of home minister and instead allowed him
the post of finance minister.
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 129
 Interim Government- 1946
• Congress
• Jawaharlal Nehru External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations
• Vallabhbhai Patel Home, Information and Broadcasting
• Rajendra Prasad Food and Agriculture
• Rajgopalacharia Education and Arts
• Asaf Ali Transport and Railways
• Jagjivan Ram Labour
• AIML
• Commerce: I.I Chandrigar
• Communication: Sardar Abdul Rab Nashtar
• Law: Jogindranath Mandal
• Finance: Nawabzada Liaqat Ali khan
• Health: Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan
• The last budget of India
• Feb-1947 (Poor Man Budget)
3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 130
 Poor’s man budget by Liaqat ali khan
• Following were some of the main features of the Poor Man’s Budget:
• Salt Tax was completely abolished for the first time.
• The minimum exemption limit for income tax was raised from Rs. 2000/- to Rs.
2500/-
• Special income tax of 25% was introduced on the businessmen whose annual profit
was more than Rs. 100000/-
• A graduated tax was introduced on the capital gains exceeding Rs. 5000/-
• A commission was proposed to look into the accounts of those who accumulated
wealth during the Second World War and to introduce heavy taxes on them.

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 131

 June 3rd Plan
• 3rd June Plan (Mountbatten Plan)
• The 3rd June 1947 Plan was also known as the Mountbatten Plan. The
British government proposed a plan, announced on 3 June 1947, that

• Included these principles:

• Principle of the partition of British India was accepted by the British Government
• Successor governments would be given dominion status
• Autonomy and sovereignty to both countries
• Can make their own constitution
• Princely States were given the right to join either Pakistan India or stay
Independent, based on two major factors: Geographical contiguity and the
people's wishes

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 132

 Rad cliff award- 1947

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 133

 Rad cliff award- 1947

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 134

 Rad cliff award

3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 135

 Rad cliff award

Provinces Name of Muslim Name of Non-Muslim

Judges Judges
Punjab Justice. Din Muhammad
Justice. M.Munir
Mehar Chand Mahajan
Teja Singh

Bengal J. S.A Rehman

J. Abu saleh M. Akram
Justice. C.C Biswas
Justice Bijan Kumar Mukherji

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3/19/2023 Sir. Syed Qaiser Abbass 137