IMPORTANT ORGANS OF THE BODY

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HUMAN BRAIN

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THE CEREBRUM

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THE CEREBRUM

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FUNCTIONS OF CEREBRUM

The cerebrum is the part of the brain responsible for your high functions, including:

 Determining intelligence
 Determining personality
 Thinking
 Reasoning
 Producing and understanding language
 Interpretation of sensory impulses
 Motor function
 Planning and organization
 Processing sensory information

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FUNCTIONS OF CEREBELLUM

 Coordinates gait
 Maintains posture,
 Controls muscle tone and voluntary muscle activity
 Is unable to initiate muscle contraction.
 Damage to this area in humans results in a loss in the ability to control fine movements, maintain posture, and
motor learning

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BRAIN STEM

 The brainstem connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum
 Maintains heart rate and breathing among other body functions
 Also controls balance, coordination and reflexes

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FUNCTIONS OF LIVER

 The liver is a major organ only found in vertebrates which performs detoxification of the organism
 Carries out he synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth
 Helps in the metabolism of carbohydrate by producing hormones and substances such as glucose and glycogen
 Decomposes red blood cells
 Produces bile, an alkaline fluid containing cholesterol and bile acids, which helps the breakdown of fat. The
gallbladder, a small pouch that sits just under the liver, stores bile produced by the liver which is later moved to
the small intestine to complete digestion

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THE ANATOMY OF LIVER

 The liver is a dark reddish brown, wedge-shaped

organ with two lobes of unequal size and shape
 Lobules are the functional units of the liver. Each
lobule is made up of millions of hepatic cells
(hepatocytes), which are the basic metabolic cells
 A human liver normally weighs approximately 1.5
kilograms (3.3 pounds)
 It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest
gland in the human body
 Resting just below the diaphragm, to the right of the
stomach, and overlying the gallbladder
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HEPATITIS

 Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue

 Hepatitis is most commonly caused by the virus hepato virus A, B, C, D, and E
 Hepatitis A and E are mainly spread by contaminated food and water
 Hepatitis B & C are mainly sexually transmitted, but may also be passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or
childbirth and may be spread through infected blood and needle sharing by intravenous drug users
 Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B

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SYMPTOMS OF HEPATITIS

 Extensive damage and scarring of the liver over time defines cirrhosis, a condition in which the liver's ability to
function is permanently impeded
 This results in jaundice, weight loss, coagulopathy, ascites (abdominal fluid collection), and peripheral edema (leg
swelling)
 Cirrhosis can lead to other life-threatening complications such as hepatic encephalopathy, esophageal varices,
hepatorenal syndrome, and liver cancer

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TREATMENT OF HEPATITIS

 Hepatitis A, B, and D are preventable with immunization

 Once contracted, Hepatitis A and E do not require any treatment and subsides on their own
 Hepatitis B can be treated with drugs like Adefovir, dipivoxil and Entecavir
 Hepatitis C can be treated with drugs like Ribavarin, Pegylated Interferons and NS3 & NS4A protease inhibitors

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PANCREAS’ STRUCTURE AND SPECIALIZED CELLS

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FUNCTIONS OF PANCREAS

 It has both an endocrine and a digestive exocrine function

 99% of the pancreas is exocrine and 1% is endocrine
 As an endocrine gland, it functions mostly to regulate blood sugar levels, secreting the hormones insulin,
glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide
 As a part of the digestive system, it functions as an exocrine gland secreting pancreatic juice into the duodenum
through the pancreatic duct. This juice contains bicarbonate, which neutralizes acid entering the duodenum from
the stomach
 Digestive enzymes, which breaks down carbohydrates, proteins and fats in food entering the duodenum from the
stomach

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DIABETES MELLITUS

 DIABETES: It is also known as diabetes mellitus, endocrine disease characterized by sustained high blood sugar
levels
 TYPE 1 DIABETES : characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreatic islets, leading to
insulin deficiency. Usually happens early in life. Also called juvenile diabetes. The majority of type 1 diabetes is
of an immune-mediated nature, in which a T cell-mediated autoimmune attack leads to the loss of beta cells and
thus insulin deficiency in the body
 TYPE 2 DIABETES : can be caused either by insulin resistance or by reduced insulin secretion. Type 2 diabetes
is the most common type of diabetes mellitus accounting for 95% of diabetes.

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SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS

The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are as follow:

 Unintended weight loss
 Polyuria (increased urination)
 Polydipsia (increased thirst)
 Polyphagia (increased hunger)
 Headache, fatigue, slow healing of cuts, and itchy skin.
 Prolonged high blood glucose can cause glucose absorption in the lens of the eye, which leads to changes in its
shape, resulting in vision changes. Long-term vision loss can also be caused by diabetic retinopathy

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KIDNEY

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BASIC UNIT OF KIDNEY

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FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEY

 Your kidneys remove wastes and extra fluid from your body
 Your kidneys also remove acid that is produced by the cells of your body and maintain a healthy balance of water,
salts, and minerals—such as sodium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium—in your blood
 control your blood pressure
 make red blood cells NIH external link
 keep your bones strong and healthy

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THANK YOU!

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