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CT Anb PT Final OE
CT Anb PT Final OE
Instrument Transformer
2
Where to use Instrument Transformers
3
Disadvantages of Shunts & Multipliers
Shunts
•Time constant should be same for meter
and shunt
• Power consumption increases
• Insulation problems (for high voltages)
• No Isolation
Multipliers (Series resistance)
• Power consumption
•Leakage currents, so good
insulators used , hence costly
• No isolation
4
Types of Instrument Transformers
• Current transformer
5
Current Transformers
6
Current Transformers
7
Potential Transformers
8
Point to note about CT
•Primary current depends on load, but not on the burden
9
Types of CT
10
Constructional Details of Window CT
11
Constructional Details of Window CT
Layer 2
Layer 1
Cor
e
12
Constructional Details of wound CT
Primary
Connections
Primary
Winding
Secondary
Winding
13
Care, while operating with CT
14
Standards of CT
15
Usually current is measured in terms of voltage
across a standard resistor
16
Connections of CT and PT
17
Potential Transformer
18
19
Points to note about PT
20
Construction of PT
For the same power rating voltage transformer is costly than power
transformer (large core & conductor size)
• Co-axial windings
21
Construction of PT
22
Comparison of Power Transformer and Instrument Transformer
Sl Instrument Transformer Power Transformer
NO
1 Mainly used to reduce the voltage and current for the Mainly used to change the
measurement of voltage, current, power and energy voltage levels in power system
4 Since load current is small exciting is comparatively higher Exciting current is a small
fraction fraction of a secondary winding
current
23
Comparison Between Power Transformer and Instrument
Transformer
Sl Instrument Transformer Power Transformer
NO
5 Accuracy is main consideration and cost is Cost is main consideration in the design
second consideration while efficiency and regulation are the
second consideration
8 Examples are Potential Transformer and Examples are Power and Distribution
Current Transformer Transformer
24
Basic Equation of CT and PT
25
CT Equivalent Circuit
26
Knee point of CT
27
CT BURDEN
30
Types of CT
31
Different ratios for CT and PT
32
Different ratios for CT and PT
Transformation Ratio=
= for a CT
= for a PT
Turns Ratio=
Then for a CT
for a PT 34
𝑩
Phasor Diagram
∡
𝑰
C
A
𝒑
90 −(𝛼 +𝜃)
𝛽
𝜃
𝑰𝒄
∡
𝛼
𝑰 𝟎
𝑰𝒄 ∅ 𝒔
𝑰𝒎
j
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
𝑰𝒔
𝜃 ∡
𝑽𝒔 )
′
𝐼 =𝐾 𝑇 𝐼𝑆
𝑝 Sin )
C
E𝒔
𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎
Sin )
𝑩
Phasor Diagram
∡
𝑰
C
A
𝒑
90 −(𝛼 +𝜃)
𝛽
𝜃
𝑰𝒄
∡
𝛼
𝑰 𝟎
𝑰𝒄 ∅ 𝒔
𝑰𝒎
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
𝑰𝒔
𝜃 ∡
𝑽𝒔 )
Sin )
𝐼𝑃
C
E𝒔
𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎
A 𝑰 𝟎 90 −(𝛼 +𝜃)
𝑂
𝑩 Sin )
ERRORs in CT
𝐼𝑝
C
, Hence
𝛽 A 90 −(𝛼 +𝜃)
𝑂 𝑩
/
Dr.
Haitham El-
Thus Actual current ratio= = R =
Hussieny
= =+
Phase Angle Error in CT
𝐼𝑝
C
, Hence
𝛽 A 90 −(𝛼 +𝜃)
𝑂 𝑩
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny tan =
𝛽 A 90 −(𝛼 +𝜃)
𝑂 𝑩
/
, tan =Dr.
, andEl- is very small compared
Haitham
Hussieny
Hence,
𝑖𝑛
== 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
Errors in CT
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
Errors in CT
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
Transformer on NO Load
Magnetic core losses : heating effect of core due hysteresis and Eddy current
NO leakage Flux
Transformer during NO Load
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
Potential Transformer Equations
Secondary Side voltage
+j
Currents are related as
= = =
Primary current is 𝐼 = 𝐼 + 𝐼
𝑃 𝑃 0
No Load current 𝐼
is 0= 𝐼 𝑚 + 𝐼 𝑐
Primary voltage is +j
Phasor Diagram 𝜃 )
B
Vp
A 𝜃
∡
G
𝜃
Ep
∅F
𝛽 𝑫 ∅
Dr. ∅ 𝜃
↶
Haitham El- C
Hussieny
𝑲𝑻 𝑽𝑺
𝜃 ↶
↶ /
𝑰𝒑
𝑰𝒄 𝑰 𝟎
O ∅
∅ 𝑰𝒎
𝑰 𝒔 𝑽𝑺
Phasor Diagram 𝜃 B
)
B A
Vp
A 𝜃
∡
G
𝜃 In the triangle ABG
G
𝜃
𝑿
Ep
∅F F
𝑫 In the triangle XFG
Dr.
Haitham El- C
∅
Hussieny
𝛽𝑲 𝑻 𝑽 𝑺
𝑰𝒑
𝜃 /
𝑰𝒄 𝜃 𝑰 𝟎
O ∅
∅ 𝑰𝒎
𝑰 𝒔 𝑽𝑺
Phasor Diagram 𝜃 E
B
Vp
A
∅ 𝑭
∡
G
Z
∅𝑫 In the triangle DEF
∅
C
Ep
∅F F
(
𝑫 In the triangle CDZ
Dr.
Haitham El- C
∅ 𝑪𝒁=𝑲 𝑻 𝑰 𝒔 𝑹 𝒔 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ∅
Hussieny
𝛽𝑲 𝑻 𝑽 𝑺
𝑰𝒑
/
𝑰𝒄 𝜃 𝑰 𝟎
O ∅
∅ 𝑰𝒎
𝑰 𝒔 𝑽𝑺
Phasor Diagram
B
A
Vp 𝜃
G
Ep
∅F
Z 𝑫
Dr.
Haitham El- C
∅
Hussieny
𝛽𝑲 𝑻 𝑽 𝑺
𝑰𝒄
In the triangle OAB
OA=OC+ CZ+ZF+FG+AG O ∅
Assumptions and Modified Equations
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
Assumptions and Modified Equations
𝐸𝑃
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
𝑰𝒑
𝛽
∢
/
∅ ∅ 𝜃
𝜃
∢
𝑰 𝟎
O ∅
∅ 𝑰𝒎
𝑰 𝒔 𝑽 𝒔
Assumptions and Modified Equations
𝑰𝒑
Dr.
/
Haitham El-
Hussieny ∅ / Cos
𝜃 𝑰 𝟎
O ∅
∅ 𝑰𝒎 / Sin
𝑰 𝒔 𝑽 𝒔
Modified Equation
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
B
Phasor Diagram
Vp
𝜃
AB= BP+AP Ep
F
Dr.
BP in the triangle BPQ
Haitham El- is Cos P
𝜃
Hussieny
Where AP is parallel to TS
∅
Q
𝑻
To find out TS
𝛽
A
TS= FR-FT-SR
𝑫
S
∅
C
O
Sin
DZ=
B
Phasor Angle
Vp
Error
𝜃
To find out FR and FT
F
FT can be foundDr.
out El-
Haitham P
from
𝜃
Hussieny
∅
Q
FTQ Triangle 𝑻
A
𝑫
S
∅
C
FT=
O
𝑲
𝑻 𝑹
𝑽
𝑺 Z
TS=
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
Phasor Angle Error
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny
.
ANY
QUESTIONS
Phasor Diagram V
p
E
p
𝑲 𝑻 𝑽 𝑺𝒆
𝛽 /
𝑰𝒑
∅𝜃
∡
𝑰 𝟎
𝑰𝒄 ∅ 𝒔
𝑰𝒎
Dr.
Haitham El-
Hussieny ∅
𝑽𝒔
𝑰𝒔
E𝒔