Unit 1 Completed

MEC423
UNIT 1 L1 : INTRODUCTION TO FEM

CONTENTS
• What is the FEM

• How FEM works
• Introduction to ANSYS
What is FEM?
• The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a numerical

method for solving engineering problems.
• Typical problem areas of interest in engineering and
mathematical physics that are solvable by use of the
finite element method include structural analysis,
heat transfer, fluid flow, mass transport, and
electromagnetic potential.
What is FEM?
• To comprehensively understand and quantify any physical
phenomena, such as structural or fluid behavior, thermal transport,
wave propagation, and the growth of biological cells mathematical
model is required
• Most of these processes are described using partial differential
equations (PDEs)
• For a computer to solve these PDEs, numerical techniques have been
developed over the last few decades and one of the most prominent
today is the finite element method.
It is critical to remember that FEM is a tool and any tool is only as good as its user.
What is FEM?
GENERAL STEPS OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
• Select suitable field variables and the elements

• Discretize
• Select a Displacement Function
• Define the Strain-Displacement and Stress-Strain Relationships
• Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations
• Assemble the Element Equations to Obtain the Global or Total Equations
• Introduce Boundary Conditions
• Solve for the Unknown Degrees of Freedom
• Solve for the Element Strains and Stresses
• Interpret the Results
• Select suitable field variables and the
elements In engineering problems there are some basic unknowns. If they
are found, the behavior of the entire structure can be predicted.
• Discretize The basic unknowns are known as Field variables
• Define the Strain-Displacement and Stress-
Strain Relationships
• Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and
Equations
• Assemble the Element Equations to Obtain
the Global or Total Equations
• Solve for the Unknown Degrees of
Freedom TYPE OF ELEMENT: 1d bar element
FIELD VARIABLE: displacement
elements Discretization involves dividing the body into an equivalent
system of finite elements with associated nodes and choosing
• Discretize the most appropriate element type to model most closely the
• Select a Displacement Function actual physical behavior.
The elements must be made small enough to give usable results
• Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and and yet large enough to reduce computational effort.
Equations
• Assemble the Element Equations to Obtain Small elements (and possibly higher order
elements) are generally desirable where the
results are changing rapidly, such as where
Freedom changes in geometry occur;
• Solve for the Element Strains and Stresses Large elements can be used where results are
• Interpret the Results relatively constant.
elements
• Discretize
Equations
Freedom
elements
The displacement function is defined within the element using
• Discretize the nodal values of the element and gives the value of field
• Select a Displacement Function variable within the element.
Linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials are frequently used
functions because they are simple to work with in finite element
• Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and formulation.
Equations
Freedom
elements
• Discretize
• Select a Displacement Function Strain/displacement and stress/strain
• Define the Strain-Displacement and relationships are necessary for deriving the
Stress-Strain Relationships equations for each finite element
Equations
Freedom
elements
• Discretize
[ ]
• Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix 1 −1 0
𝐴1 𝐸 1
and Equations 𝑘 1= −1 1 0
𝐿1
• Assemble the Element Equations to Obtain 0 0 0
[ ]
• Solve for the Unknown Degrees of 0 0 0
Freedom 𝐴2𝐸2
𝑘 2= 0 1 −1
• Solve for the Element Strains and Stresses 𝐿2
0 −1 1
elements
• Discretize
Strain Relationships k = k 1 + k2
• Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and +
Equations
• Assemble the Element Equations to
Obtain the Global or Total
[ ]
Equations
𝐴1 𝐸 1 𝐴1 𝐸 1
• Introduce Boundary Conditions − 0
𝐿1 𝐿1
• Solve for the Unknown Degrees of 𝐴1 𝐸 1 𝐴1 𝐸 1 𝐴2 𝐸 2 𝐴2𝐸 2
𝑘= − + −
Freedom 𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿2
• Solve for the Element Strains and Stresses 𝐴2 𝐸 2 𝐴2𝐸2
0 −
𝐿2 𝐿2
PROPERTIES OF STIFFNESS MATRIX
[ ]
• SQUARE MATRIX 𝐴1 𝐸 1
−
𝐴1 𝐸 1
0
𝐿1 𝐿1
• SYMMETRIC MATRIX 𝑘= −
𝐴1 𝐸 1 𝐴1 𝐸 1 𝐴2 𝐸 2 𝐴2𝐸 2
+ −
𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿2
• POSITIVE DIAGONAL 𝐴2 𝐸 2 𝐴2𝐸2
0 −
• SINGULAR MATRIX 𝐿2 𝐿2
Let
A1 = 100 mm2 E1 = 200 GPa & L1 = 2 m
A2 = 50 mm2 E2 = 80 GPa & L2 = 1 m
A1E1/L1 = 10000 & A2E2/L2 = 4000
[ ]
10000 −10000 0
𝑘= −10000 14000 − 4000
0 − 4000 4000
elements
• Discretize
Strain Relationships +
Equations
[ ]
• Assemble the Element Equations to 1 0000 − 10000 0
Obtain the Global or Total 𝑘= − 10000 14000 − 4000
Equations 0 − 4000 4000
{ }[ ]{ }
• Solve for the Unknown Degrees of 𝐹1 1 0000 − 10000 0 𝑢1
Freedom 𝐹 2 = − 10000 14000 − 4000 𝑢2
𝐹3 0 − 4000 4000 𝑢3
elements
• Discretize 7 kN
Equations
{ }[ ]{ }
• Assemble the Element Equations to Obtain 𝐹1 1 0000 − 10000 0 𝑢1
the Global or Total Equations 𝐹 2 = − 10000 14000 − 4000 𝑢2
• Introduce Boundary Conditions 𝐹3 0 − 4000 4000 𝑢3

Freedom
{ }[ ]{ }
𝐹1 1 0000 − 10000 0 𝑢1=0
• Solve for the Element Strains and Stresses 𝐹 2=7000 = − 10000 14000 − 4000 𝑢2
𝐹3 0 − 4000 4000 𝑢 3= 0
elements
{ }[ ]{ }
𝐹1 1 0000 − 10000 0 𝑢1=0
• Discretize
𝐹 2=10000 = − 10000 14000 − 4000 𝑢2
• Select a Displacement Function 𝐹3 0 − 4000 4000 𝑢 3= 0
7000 = 14000 u2
Equations
u2 = 7000/14000 = 0.5 mm
mm
Freedom
elements
• Discretize
= 50 MPa
• Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and = -40 MPa
Equations
Freedom
• Solve for the Element Strains and
Stresses
• Points to remember
• FEM
• Node
• Element
• Interpolation function
• Stiffness matrix
• Properties of stiffness matrix
• FEM procedure
MEC423
UNIT 1 L3
CONTENTS
• Type of elements
• Type of coordinate
systems in FEM
• Shape function
TYPE OF ELEMENTS
• Based on the shapes, elements can be categorized into:
• One dimensional elements
• Two dimensional elements
• Axi-symmetric elements
• Three dimensional elements.
TYPE OF ELEMENTS
• One dimensional elements These elements are suitable for the analysis of one-dimensional
• Two dimensional elements problem and may be called as line elements also.
Based on force and orientation:
• Three dimensional elements Bar/Link
Truss
Beam
BAR
BEAM
BASED ON NUMBER OF NODES
TYPE OF ELEMENTS
Two dimensional elements are required to solve two
dimensional problems.
• Two dimensional elements Common two-dimensional problems in stress analysis are plane
stress, plane strain and plate problems.
• Three dimensional elements
Plane stress condition: State of body in

which all the stresses perpendicular to plane
are zero
Plane strain condition: State of body in which

all the strains perpendicular to the plane are
zero
PLANE STRESS & PLANE STRAIN
TYPE OF ELEMENTS
TYPE OF ELEMENTS
TYPE OF ELEMENTS
• One dimensional elements These elements are useful for the analysis of axi-symmetric
problems such as analysis of cylindrical storage tanks, shafts,
• Two dimensional elements rocket nozzles. Axi-symmetric elements can be constructed
from one- or two-dimensional elements.
TYPE OF ELEMENTS
COORDINATE SYSTEM
(i) Global coordinates
(ii) Local coordinates
(iii) Natural coordinates
COORDINATE SYSTEM
(i) Global coordinates Same coordinate system is used for
locating all the nodes
COORDINATE SYSTEM
(i) Global coordinates Individual coordinate system is used for each
element
COORDINATE SYSTEM
A natural coordinate system is a
(i) Global coordinates coordinate system which permits the
specification of a point within the
element by a set of dimensionless
(iii) Natural coordinates numbers, whose magnitude never
exceeds unity. It is obtained by
assigning weightages to the nodal
coordinates in defining the coordinate
of any point inside the element.
PRACTICE PROBLEM
50
30
8
10
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=392YAob-GhI
SHAPE FUNCTION
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4f9zp85me
M
• In the finite element analysis, the aim is to find the field variables at nodal points
by rigorous analysis, assuming at any point inside the element basic variable is a
function of values at nodal points of the element.
• This function which relates the field variable at any point within the element to
the field variables of nodal points is called shape function.
• This is also called as interpolation function and approximating function.
u3 v 3
u = N 1u 1 + N 2u 2 + N 3u 3
v = N 1v 1 + N 2v 2 + N 3v 3
u,v
u1 v 1 u2 v 2
POLYNOMIAL SHAPE FUNCTION
• Polynomials are commonly used as shape functions because of

following reasons:
• They are easy to handle mathematically i.e. differentiation and integration of polynomials is
easy.
• Using polynomial any function can be approximated reasonably well.
CONVERGENCE REQUIREMENT FOR SHAPE FUNCTIONS
• COMPATIBILITY REQUIREMENT
• The displacement models must be continuous within the elements and the displacements must be compatible
between the adjacent elements. The second part implies that the adjacent elements must deform without
causing openings, overlaps or discontinuities between the elements. This requirement is called ‘compatibility
requirement’.
• RIGID BODY DISPLACEMENT

• The displacement model should include the rigid body displacements of the element. It means in
displacement model there should be a term which permit all points on the element to experience the same
displacement. It is obvious, if such term do not exist, shifting of the origin of the coordinate system will cause
additional stresses and strains, which should not occur.
• CONSTANT STRAIN REQUIREMENT

• The displacement models must include the constant strain state of the element. This means, there should
exist combination of values of polynomial terms that cause all points in the element to experience the same
strain. One such combination should occur for each possible strain.
PRACTICE PROBLEM
• DETERMINE SHAPE FUNCTION FOR TWO NODED BAR ELEMENT.
Inverse of matrix
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfhzwNkMNg4
MEC423
UNIT 1 L4
CONTENTS
• Shape function
• Convergence
requirements for shape
function
• Derivation of shape
functions
PRACTICE PROBLEM
50
30
8
10
SHAPE FUNCTION
• In the finite element analysis, the aim is to find the field variables at nodal points
by rigorous analysis, assuming at any point inside the element basic variable is a
function of values at nodal points of the element.
• This function which relates the field variable at any point within the element to
the field variables of nodal points is called shape function.
• This is also called as interpolation function and approximating function.
u3 v 3
u = N 1u 1 + N 2u 2 + N 3u 3
v = N 1v 1 + N 2v 2 + N 3v 3
u,v
u1 v 1 u2 v 2
POLYNOMIAL SHAPE FUNCTION
• Polynomials are commonly used as shape functions because of

following reasons:
• They are easy to handle mathematically i.e. differentiation and integration of polynomials is
easy.
• Using polynomial any function can be approximated reasonably well.
• COMPATIBILITY REQUIREMENT
• The displacement models must be continuous within the elements and the displacements must be compatible
between the adjacent elements. The second part implies that the adjacent elements must deform without
causing openings, overlaps or discontinuities between the elements. This requirement is called ‘compatibility
requirement’.
• RIGID BODY DISPLACEMENT

• The displacement model should include the rigid body displacements of the element. It means in
displacement model there should be a term which permit all points on the element to experience the same
displacement. It is obvious, if such term do not exist, shifting of the origin of the coordinate system will cause
additional stresses and strains, which should not occur.
• CONSTANT STRAIN REQUIREMENT

• The displacement models must include the constant strain state of the element. This means, there should
exist combination of values of polynomial terms that cause all points in the element to experience the same
strain. One such combination should occur for each possible strain.
STEPS TO DERIVE SHAPE FUNCTION
• Write displacement model according to element
• Express displacement model in matrix form EQ1
• Using displacement model, determine nodal displacements
• Express nodal displacements in matrix form
• From nodal displacements, determine the unknown constants
• Substitute the unknown constants in EQ1
• Simplify the EQ1 to obtain shape functions
PRACTICE PROBLEM: SHAPE FUNCTION FOR TWO NODED
BAR ELEMENT

• Simplify the EQ1 to obtain shape functions USING GLOBAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
u1 u u2
x1 x2
u = a1 + a2 x
BAR ELEMENT

u1 u u2
x1 x2
u = a1 + a2 x 𝑢=[ 1 𝑥] { }
𝑎1
𝑎2
EQ1
BAR ELEMENT

u1 u u2
x1 x2
u1 = a1 + a2 x1
u = a1 + a2 x
u2 = a1 + a2 x2
BAR ELEMENT

u1 u u2
x1 x2
u = a1 + a2 x
u1 = a1 + a2 x1
u2 = a1 + a2 x2 { } [
𝑢1
𝑢2
=
1
1
𝑥1
𝑥2 ]{ }
𝑎1
𝑎2
BAR ELEMENT

u1 u u2
x1 x2
{ }[ ] { }{ }
𝑎1 1 𝑥2
[ − 𝑥1
]{ }
𝑢1
−1
𝑎1 𝑥1 𝑢1
{ } [
𝑢1
𝑢2
=
1
1
𝑥1
𝑥2 ]{ }
𝑎1
𝑎2
𝑎2
=
1
1 𝑥2 𝑢2 𝑎2
=
𝑥 2 − 𝑥1 −1 1 𝑢2
BAR ELEMENT

u1 u u2
x1 x2
𝑢=[ 1 𝑥] { }
𝑎1
𝑎2 { }
𝑎1
𝑎2
=
1 𝑥2
𝑥 2 − 𝑥1 −1 [ − 𝑥1
1 ]{ }
𝑢1
𝑢2
BAR ELEMENT

u1 u u2
x1 x2
𝑢= [ 1 𝑥] 𝑢=
1
𝐿
[1 𝑥 ]
BAR ELEMENT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aA_VwF5lud8
MEC423
UNIT 1 L5
CONTENTS
DERIVATION OF SHAPE FUNCTIONS
2-NODED BAR ELEMENT (NATURAL COORDINATE
SYSTEM, x)
DISPLACEMENT MODEL:
u1 u u2
• EQ1
x = -1 x=1
NODAL DISPLACEMENTS:
2-NODED BAR ELEMENT (NATURAL COORDINATE
SYSTEM, x)
• EQ1
u1 u u2
SUBSTITUTING EQ2 IN EQ1 x = -1 x=1

2-NODED BAR ELEMENT (LOCAL COORDINATE
SYSTEM)
DISPLACEMENT MODEL:
u1 u2
u
• EQ1 x=0 x=L
2-NODED BAR ELEMENT (LOCAL COORDINATE
SYSTEM)
• EQ1
u1 u u2
x=0 x=L
SUBSTITUTING EQ2 IN EQ1
2-NODED BEAM ELEMENT (LOCAL COORDINATE
SYSTEM)
• In beam element, one node has two degrees of freedoms – deflection

(v) & slope (f = dv/dx)
• In order to satisfy compatibility condition, third order polynomial
equation should be used.
f1 f2
v1 u v2
x=0 x=l
2-NODED BEAM ELEMENT
f1 f2
v1 u v2
• NODAL DISPLACEMENTS X=L

X=0
{ }[ ]{ }
𝑣1 1 0 0 0 𝑎1
𝜙1 0 1 0 0 𝑎2
= 2 3
𝑣2 1 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑎3
2
𝜙2 0 1 2𝑙 3𝑙 𝑎4
2-NODED BEAM ELEMENT (NATURAL COORDINATE
SYSTEM, x)
PRACTICE PROBLEM
• DETERMINE SHAPE FUNCTION FOR BEAM USING NATURAL
COORDINATE SYSTEM
• DETERMINE SHAPE FUNCTION FOR 3-NODED BAR ELEMENT USING
NATURAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
PRACTICE PROBLEM
• DETERMINE SHAPE FUNCTION FOR A CST ELEMENT.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aA_VwF5lud8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=392YAob-GhI&t=62s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLsKpg2rFt4
MEC423
UNIT 1 L6
CONTENTS
• DERIVATION OF SHAPE FUNCTION
• DERIVATION OF NATURAL COORDINATES
SHAPE FUNCTION OF CST ELEMENT
DISPLACEMENT MODEL u3
x3 y 3
• u = a1 + a2x + a3y
• v = a4 + a5x + a6y
NODAL DISPLACEMENTS
• u1 = a1 + a2x1 + a3y1
• u2 = a1 + a2x2 + a3y2 u1 u2
• u3 = a1 + a2x2 + a3y2 x1 y 1 x2 y 2
u3
x3 y 3
SHAPE FUNCTION OF CST ELEMENT
u1 u2
x1 y 1 x2 y 2
a 1 = x 2y 3 – x 3y 2
a 2 = x 3y 1 – x 1y 3
a 3 = x 1y 2 – x 2y 1
b1 = y 2 – y 3
b2 = y 3 – y 1
b3 = y 1 – y 2
c1 = x3 – x2
c2 = x1 – x3
NATURAL COORDINATES - L (x – x ) 1 (x2 – x)
• These coordinates vary from 0 to 1
x1 P x2
• Define percentage distance of a point Global coordinates: x
from each node Natural Coordinates: (L1 L2)
• Since natural coordinate, represent

percentage, sum of natural coordinates
at a point is always unity
• L1 + L 2 = 1
• L1x1 + L2x2 = x
SHAPE FUNCTION IN TERMS OF
NATURAL COORDINATES – L (VARYING
FROM 0 TO 1)
DISPLACEMENT MODEL: u = a1L1 + a2l2
u1 P u2
Natural Coordinates: (L1 L2)
• u1 = a1
• u2 = a2
u = L1u1 + L2u2
Comparing,
N1 = L1
N2 = L2
PRACTICE PROBLEM
• DERIVE NATURAL COORDINATES (L) FOR CST ELEMENT.
MEC423
UNIT 1 L7
PROBLEM SOLVING
CONTENTS
• PROBLEMS BASED ON CALCULATION OF:
• NATURAL COORDINATION
• SHAPE FUNCTION
• DISPLACEMENT USING SHAPE FUNCTION
SHAPE FUNCTION OF COMMON
ELEMENTS
x3 y 3
a 1 = x 2y 3 – x 3y 2 b1 = y 2 – y 3 c1 = x3 – x2
a 2 = x 3y 1 – x 1y 3 b2 = y 3 – y 1 c2 = x1 – x3
a 3 = x 1y 2 – x 2y 1 b3 = y 1 – y 2 c3 = x2 – x1 x1 y 1 x2 y 2
x=-1 x=1
x=0 x=L
x=x1 x=x2
SHAPE FUNCTION OF COMMON
ELEMENTS
PRACTICE PROBLEM 1
A bar of 500 mm length, fixed on one end and subjected to a force on the other end,
undergoes a displacement of 10 mm at the point application of force. The problem is
solved using a single element with 2 nodes. Determine displacement at a distance of 200
mm from fixed end. Use natural coordinates for calculation.
PRACTICE PROBLEM 2
A cantilever beam structure of 1 m length is represented in FEM using single
element with 2-nodes. The displacement of free end is 20 mm and slope at
free end is 10°. Determine slope and deflection at center of beam.
PRACTICE PROBLEM 3
• A triangular element with three nodes has nodes and displacement of
nodes as mentioned in table. Determine displacement of point with
coordinates (60,20) mm
Node X-location (mm) Y-location (mm) X-displacement (u) mm Y-displacement (v) mm
1 0 0 0 0
2 100 0 0 0
3 50 100 5 5
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Find displacement of point 1,0

[
12
𝐸𝐼 6𝐿
6𝐿 − 12
𝐿 −
]
3
4 𝐿2 6𝐿
12
−6 𝐿 −6 𝐿
6𝐿 12 2𝐿 2
2𝐿2
− 6 𝐿 −6 𝐿
4𝐿2
MEC423
UNIT 2 L1
INTRODUCTION TO STIFFNESS MATRIX
UNIT 2 CONTENTS
• Assembling stiffness equation using direct approach
• Assembling stiffness equations using variational method
• Potential energy approach
• Rayleigh-Ritz method
• Assembling stiffness equations using weighted residual method
• Galerkin's method
• Application to spring problems
• Application to bar problems
STIFFNESS MATRIX
• Stiffness matrix is a matrix that relates nodal displacements with
nodal forces.
• It can also be defined as a mapping between nodal displacements and
forces.
{f} – nodal forces of a single element

[k] – stiffness matrix of a element
{F} – nodal forces of whole structure
[K] – stiffness matrix of structure
{d} – nodal displacements
STIFFNESS MATRIX
3
1 2
1 2
{ }[ ]{ }
𝐹 1𝑥 𝑘1 + 𝑘3 − 𝑘1 − 𝑘3 𝑢1
{ }[ ]{ }
1
𝑓 1𝑥 𝑘1 − 𝑘1 𝑢1
𝐹 2 𝑥 = − 𝑘1 𝑘 1+ 𝑘 2 − 𝑘2 𝑢2 =
𝑓 12 𝑥 −𝑘1 𝑘1 𝑢2
𝐹 3𝑥 − 𝑘3 − 𝑘2 𝑘2 +𝑘3 𝑢3
{ 𝑓 }=[ 𝑘] {𝑑 }
{ 𝐹 }=[ 𝐾 ] {𝑑 }
PROPERTIES OF STIFFNESS MATRIX
• Square matrix
• Symmetric matrix
• Singular matrix
• Positive diagonal elements
METHODS FOR OBTAINING STIFFNESS
MATRIX
• Direct equilibrium approach (use equilibrium equation)
• Variational approach (use variational principles)
• Residual method (minimize the residuals)
DIRECT EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH
SPRING ELEMENT
• One-dimensional linear spring (a spring that obeys Hooke’s law and resists forces only in the direction of the
spring).
• The nodal displacements are called the degrees of freedom at each node.
• Positive directions for the forces and displacements at each node are taken in the positive x direction.
• Consider the linear spring element (which can be an element in a system of springs) subjected to resulting
nodal tensile forces T
DIRECT EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH
SPRING ELEMENT
Strain/Displacement and Stress/Strain
Relationships
• Deflection of spring
• d = u2 – u1
• T=kd
• T = k(u2 – u1)
Element nodal forces f1x = ku1 – ku2
• f1x = -T = -k(u2 – u1) f2x = -ku1 + ku2
• f2x = T = k(u2 – u1)
PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTION:
ELEMENTAL FORCES:
ELEMENT 1:
ELEMENT 2:
NODAL FORCES:
ELEMENT 3:
PRACTICE PROBLEM: contd…
MATRIX FORM
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
FIXED NODES HAVE ZERO DISPLACEMENT
u1 = u 2 = u 4 = 0
F3 = 2 + 2 = 4 kN
4 = 2000*u3
NODAL FORCES: u3 = 2/1000 m or 2 mm
PRACTICE PROBLEM: contd…
SUPPORT REACTIONS:
R1 = F1X = 500×0 + 0×0 – 500 × 0.002 + 0×0 = - 1 kN
R2 = F2x = - 1 kN
R4 = F4x = - 2 kN
ELEMENTAL FORCES:
ELEMENT 1: ELEMENT 2:
= - 1 kN = - 2 kN
= 1 kN = 2 kN
ELEMENT 3:
= 2 kN
= -2 kN
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxtmAOz1DFM
PRACTICE PROBLEM
THANKS

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MEC423

UNIT 1 L1 : INTRODUCTION TO FEM

• What is the FEM

• The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a numerical

• Select suitable field variables and the elements

• Solve for the Unknown Degrees of

Plane stress condition: State of body in

Plane strain condition: State of body in which

• Polynomials are commonly used as shape functions because of

• RIGID BODY DISPLACEMENT

• CONSTANT STRAIN REQUIREMENT

• Polynomials are commonly used as shape functions because of

• RIGID BODY DISPLACEMENT

• CONSTANT STRAIN REQUIREMENT

• Write displacement model according to element

• Write displacement model according to element

• Write displacement model according to element

• Write displacement model according to element

• Write displacement model according to element

• Write displacement model according to element

• Write displacement model according to element

SUBSTITUTING EQ2 IN EQ1 x = -1 x=1

• In beam element, one node has two degrees of freedoms – deflection

• NODAL DISPLACEMENTS X=L

SHAPE FUNCTION OF CST ELEMENT

• Since natural coordinate, represent

Find displacement of point 1,0

{f} – nodal forces of a single element

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