UNIT 4

APPLICATION TO
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
PROBLEMS
UNIT 4 CONTENTS
Beam element
• Shear Force
• Bending moment and Fixed-end
Reaction Vector
Load Vector Formulation
• Point load
• Uniformly distributed load
Plane stress and plane strains
Axisymmetric stress analysis
BEAM
• A beam is a long, slender structural member generally subjected to transverse loading that produces
significant bending effects as in comparison to twisting or axial effects.
BEAM ELEMENT: SIGN CONVENTIONS
Moments are positive in the counterclockwise direction.
Rotations are positive in the counterclockwise direction.
Forces are positive in the positive y direction.
Displacements are positive in the positive y direction.
RELATIONS TO BE USED
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF BEAM

MOMENT-SHEAR FORCE RELATION

SHAPE FUNCTIONS
DERIVATION OF STIFFNESS MATRIX
DERIVATION OF STIFFNESS MATRIX
DERIVATION OF STIFFNESS MATRIX
Shape
Function
DERIVATION OF STIFFNESS MATRIX
Shape
Function
DERIVATION OF STIFFNESS MATRIX
Shape
Function
DERIVATION OF STIFFNESS MATRIX
Shape
Function
DERIVATION OF STIFFNESS MATRIX
DERIVATION OF STIFFNESS MATRIX
STIFFNESS MATRIX

• E = Young’s modulus
• I = moment of inertia
• l = length of element
MEC423
BEAM
FORMULATION OF LOAD VECTOR
BEAM LOADING
• A beam member can support following types of load
• Point load
• Distributed load
• In FEM, load can be applied at nodes only.
• So, for solving a beam problem using FEM distributed load has to be
converted into equivalent nodal forces.
WORK-EQUIVALENCE METHOD
• Convert distributed or non-nodal forces into equivalent nodal forces
• Work done by equivalent nodal forces should be equal to work done
by original force system.
EXAMPLE
Convert a point load acting at center of beam element into equivalent
nodal forces

F Actual loading
Original force: -F
Original work: W = -Fv
W = -F (N1v1+N2f1 + N3v2 + N4f2)x=L/2

Equivalent loading
Equivalent forces F1y F2y m1 m2
Equivalent work
W = F1v1 + F2v2 + m1 f1 + m2f2
 EXAMPLE
Convert a point load acting at center of beam element into equivalent
nodal forces
W = -F (N1v1+N2f1 + N3v2 + N4f2)x=l/2
F Actual loading
W = F1v1 + F2v2 + m1 f1 + m2f2
l/2
N1|x=l/2 = 1/2
F1 = -F N1|x=l/2 = -F/2

N2|x=l/2 = l/8
m1 = -F N2|x=l/2 = -Fl/8
F1 Equivalent loading F2
N3|x=l/2 = 1/2
F2 = -F N3|x=l/2 = -F/2
m1 m2
N4|x=l/2 = -1/8
m = -F N | = Fl/8
 PRACTICE PROBLEM
• DETERMINE EQUIVALENT NODAL FORCES WHEN A BEAM ELEMENT IS
SUBJECTED TO A UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD OVER ITS ENTIRE
LENGTH
 PRACTICE PROBLEM
• DETERMINE EQUIVALENT NODAL FORCES WHEN A BEAM ELEMENT IS
SUBJECTED TO A UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD OVER ITS ENTIRE
LENGTH
 MEC423
PLANE STRESS & PLAIN STRAIN
STRESS-STRAIN RELATION

• 1d

• 2d
PLANE STRESS

PLANE STRAIN
STRAIN DISPLACEMENT RELATION
DEFINES A MAPPING BETWEEN STRAIN AND DISPLACEMENT

c1 = x3 – x2
c2 = x1 – x3
c3 = x2 – x1
STRAIN DISPLACEMENT RELATION

a 1 = x 2y 3 – x 3y 2
a 2 = x 3y 1 – x 1y 3
a 3 = x 1y 2 – x 2y 1
b1 = y 2 – y 3
b2 = y 3 – y 1
b3 = y 1 – y 2
c1 = x3 – x2
c2 = x1 – x3
c3 = x2 – x1
STRAIN DISPLACEMENT RELATION

• [B] is also called as gradient matrix

STRESS STRAIN RELATION
STIFFNESS MATRIX
• Using potential energy approach

• U = potential energy = strain energy

• =
STIFFNESS MATRIX

• =
STIFFNESS MATRIX
PRACTICE PROBLEM
• The nodes of a CST element are located at 1: (0,0) 2: (100,0) & 3:
(50,50). (units in mm). The thickness of element is 1 mm and material
properties are: E = 210 GPa, m = 0.25. Determine stiffness matrix.
 MEC423
PLANE STRESS & PLANE STRAIN
DERIVATION OF STIFFNESS MATRIX
STRESS-STRAIN RELATION

• 1d

• 2d
PLANE STRESS

PLANE STRAIN
STRAIN DISPLACEMENT RELATION

• [B] is also called as gradient matrix

STIFFNESS MATRIX
• Using potential energy approach

• U = potential energy = strain energy

• =
STIFFNESS MATRIX

• =
STIFFNESS MATRIX
PRACTICE PROBLEM
The nodes of a CST element are located at 1: (0,0) 2: (100,0) & 3: (50,50). (units
in mm). The thickness of element is 1 mm and material properties are: E = 210
GPa, m = 0.25. Determine stiffness matrix. Assume plane stress condition

Stiffness matrix, k = tABTDB

Calculate B & D matrix
 PRACTICE PROBLEM
The nodes of a CST element are located at 1: (0,0) 2: (100,0) & 3: (50,50). (units
in mm). The thickness of element is 1 mm and material properties are: E = 210
GPa, m = 0.25. Determine stiffness matrix. Assume plane stress condition

[ ]
NODE X Y 𝑏1 0 𝑏2 0 𝑏3 0
1
50, 50 1 0 0 [ 𝐵 ]= 0 𝑐1 0 𝑐2 0 𝑐3
2𝐴
𝑐1 𝑏1 𝑐2 𝑏2 𝑐3 𝑏3
2 100 0
3 50 50 b1 = y2 – y3 = 0 – 50 = -50
b2 = y3 – y1 = 50 – 0 = 50
0, 0 100, 0 b3 = y 1 – y 2 = 0 – 0 = 0

c1 = x3 – x2 = 50 – 100 = -50
c2 = x1 – x3 = 0 – 50 = -50
or c3 = x2 – x1 = 100 – 0 = 100

A = (100*50)/2 = 2500
2A = 5000
 PRACTICE PROBLEM
The nodes of a CST element are located at 1: (0,0) 2: (100,0) & 3: (50,50). (units
in mm). The thickness of element is 1 mm and material properties are: E = 210
GPa, m = 0.25. Determine stiffness matrix. Assume plane stress condition

E = 210 GPa = 210000 MPa (or N-mm-2)

50, 50 m = 0.25
1 – m = 0.75
(1- m)/2 = 0.375

0, 0 100, 0
 PRACTICE PROBLEM
The nodes of a CST element are located at 1: (0,0) 2: (100,0) & 3: (50,50). (units
in mm). The thickness of element is 1 mm and material properties are: E = 210
GPa, m = 0.25. Determine stiffness matrix. Assume plane stress condition

mm-1 N-mm-2
t = 1 mm, A = 2500 mm2

N-mm-1
PRACTICE PROBLEM
 PRACTICE PROBLEM
The nodes of a CST element are located at 1: (0,0) 2: (100,0) & 3: (50,50). (units in mm). The thickness of
element is 1 mm and material properties are: E = 210 GPa, m = 0.25. Determine stiffness matrix. Assume
plane stress condition.
If a forces are applied in the CST element as shown, determine nodal displacements, support reactions &
stresses in the element.

[ ]
1.375 0.625 − 0.625 − 0.125 − 0.75 u1=0
− 0.5
5 kN 0.625 1.375 0.125 0.625 − 0.75 −v21=0
− 0.625 0.125 1.375 − 0.625 − 0.75 0.5
u2=0
𝑘=56000 ×
− 0.125 0.625 − 0.625 1.375 0.75 −v2
5 kN
− 0.75 − 0.75 − 0.75 0.75 1.5 02
− 0.5 −2 0.5 −2 0 4u3
v3=0

{5 000
5000 }
=56000 ×
1 .375
0.75 [ 0.75
1.5 ]{ }
𝑣2
𝑢3

v2 = 0.045 mm
u3 = 0.037 mm
 PRACTICE PROBLEM
The nodes of a CST element are located at 1: (0,0) 2: (100,0) & 3: (50,50). (units in mm). The thickness of
element is 1 mm and material properties are: E = 210 GPa, m = 0.25. Determine stiffness matrix. Assume
plane stress condition.
If a forces are applied in the CST element as shown, determine nodal displacements, support reactions &
stresses in the element.

[ ]{ }
1.375 0.625 − 1.375 − 0.625 −0.75 − 0.5 0
5 kN 0.625 1.375 − 0.625 −1.375 −0.75 −2 0
−1.375 −0.625 1.375 0.625 0.75 0.5 𝑢= 0
𝑘=56000 ×
− 0.625 −1.375 0.625 1.375 0.75 2 0.045
5 kN 0.037
− 0.75 −0.75 0.75 0.75 1.5 0
− 0.5 −2 0.5 2 0 4 0

F1x = -1875 N
F1y = 0 sx = -2.5 MPa
s = [D][B]{u} sy = -10 MPa
F2x = -3125 N
F3y = -5000 N t = 10 MPa
MEC423
UNIT 4
PROBLEM SOLVING
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Determine nodal displacements, support reactions and principal stresses if the element is fixed at node 1 &
2 and subjected to a force of 800 lb at node 3 along positive x-direction. Take E = 30*10 6 psi, m = 0.3 & t = 1
in. Use plane strain condition. All coordinates are in inches.

[ ]
1− 𝜇 𝜇 0
𝐸
𝐷= 𝜇 1− 𝜇 0
( 1+ 𝜇 ) ( 1− 2 𝜇 )
0 0 0.5 − 𝜇

[ ]
𝑏1 0 𝑏2 0 𝑏3 0
1
[ 𝐵 ]= 0 𝑐1 0 𝑐2 0 𝑐3
2 𝐴
𝑐1 𝑏1 𝑐2 𝑏2 𝑐3 𝑏3
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Determine nodal displacements, support reactions and principal stresses if the element is fixed at node 1 &
2 and subjected to a force of 800 lb at node 3 along positive x-direction. Take E = 30*10 6 psi, m = 0.3 & t = 1
in. Use plane strain condition. All coordinates are in inches.

[ ]
1− 𝜇 𝜇 0
𝐸
𝐷= 𝜇 1− 𝜇 0
( 1+ 𝜇 ) ( 1− 2 𝜇 )
0 0 0.5 − 𝜇
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Determine nodal displacements, support reactions and principal stresses if the element is fixed at node 1 &
2 and subjected to a force of 800 lb at node 3 along positive x-direction. Take E = 30*10 6 psi, m = 0.3 & t = 1
in. Use plane strain condition. All coordinates are in inches.

[ ]
𝑏1 0 𝑏2 0 𝑏3 0
1
[ 𝐵 ]= 0 𝑐1 0 𝑐2 0 𝑐3
2 𝐴
𝑐1 𝑏1 𝑐2 𝑏2 𝑐3 𝑏3

A = 0.375 in2
2A = 0.75 in2
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Determine nodal displacements, support reactions and principal stresses if the element is fixed at node 1 &
2 and subjected to a force of 800 lb at node 3 along positive x-direction. Take E = 30*10 6 psi, m = 0.3 & t = 1
in. Use plane strain condition. All coordinates are in inches.

k=tABTDB Coefficients of matrices are not written

BT D

B
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Determine nodal displacements, support reactions and principal stresses if the element is fixed at node 1 &
2 and subjected to a force of 800 lb at node 3 along positive x-direction. Take E = 30*10 6 psi, m = 0.3 & t = 1
in. Use plane strain condition. All coordinates are in inches.

BTD B

Coefficients of matrices are not written

PRACTICE PROBLEM
Determine nodal displacements, support reactions and principal stresses if the element is fixed at node 1 &
2 and subjected to a force of 800 lb at node 3 along positive x-direction. Take E = 30*10 6 psi, m = 0.3 & t = 1
in. Use plane strain condition. All coordinates are in inches.

Displacements
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Determine nodal displacements, support reactions and principal stresses if the element is fixed at node 1 &
2 and subjected to a force of 800 lb at node 3 along positive x-direction. Take E = 30*10 6 psi, m = 0.3 & t = 1
in. Use plane strain condition. All coordinates are in inches.

Nodal Forces
& Reactions
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Determine nodal displacements, support reactions and principal stresses if the element is fixed at node 1 &
2 and subjected to a force of 800 lb at node 3 along positive x-direction. Take E = 30*10 6 psi, m = 0.3 & t = 1
in. Use plane strain condition. All coordinates are in inches.

Stress = [D][B]{u}

sx
sy
t
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Determine nodal displacements, support reactions and principal stresses if the element is fixed at node 1 &
2 and subjected to a force of 800 lb at node 3 along positive x-direction. Take E = 30*10 6 psi, m = 0.3 & t = 1
in. Use plane strain condition. All coordinates are in inches.

Principal stresses:

sx = 822.9 psi
sy = 91. 4 psi
t = -45.7 psi
 MEC423
UNIT 5 HEAT TRANSFER
 FEM IN STEADY STATE FIELD PROBLEMS

Introduction

CONTENT
S Heat conduction

One-dimensional heat transfer problems

Two-dimensional heat transfer problems

 INTRODUCTION
• Heat:
• Heat is a form of energy. It derives its origins at the molecular
scale. Molecules of a substance vibrate at their positions either
fixed or not when energy is supplied to them. As they vibrate, they
transfer their energy to the surrounding molecules causing them
to vibrate as well.
• Heat Transfer:
• Heat transfer is a branch of thermal engineering that deals with
the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy
(heat) between physical systems.
MODES OF HEAT
TRANSFER
• CONDUCTION
• CONVECTION
• RADIATION
 HEAT TRANSFER LAWS
• FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION

• NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

• STEFAN BOLTZMAN LAW

• q = heat flux (q = Q/A) (units: W/m2)

• K = thermal conductivity [units: W/(m-°C)]
• h = convective heat transfer coefficient [units: W/(m2-°C)]
s = Stefan’s constant [units: W/(m2-K4)]
• e = emissivity
• dt/dx = temperature gradient
• T = surface temperature
• T = Ambient temperature
 BASIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
1D HEAT CONDUCTION
• Law of conservation of energy:
• Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, it can only be transferred
from one form to other
• Energy input + Energy generated = Energy stored + Energy output
• Ein + Egen = Estored + Eout
Ein = Energy entering the control volume
Egen = Energy generated
Estored = Energy stored = DU
Eout = Energy leaving the control volume

Ein = qx A dt
Egen = Q A dx dt
Estored = mcDt
Eout = qx+dx A dt
 BASIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
1D HEAT CONDUCTION

• Fourier’s law of heat conduction

• qx = -K dT/dx
• Taylor series expansion:

• Using Taylor series expansion for qx+dx

BASIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
1D HEAT CONDUCTION
One-Dimensional Finite Element Formulation Using a
Variational Method
THANKS
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