THE NATIONAL COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)
BASAVANAGUDI

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
SEMINAR

PRESENTED BY:
NAME: RASHMI S
 TOPIC AND CONTENTS:
 DRUGS
 CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
 CHEMOTHERAPY
 DRUGS
A drug is any chemical substance that causes a
change in an organism’s physiology or
psychology when consumed.
In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance,
typically of known structure, which, when
administered to a living organism, produces a
biological effect.
A pharmaceutical drug, is also called medicine, it
is a chemical substance usedto treat, cure, prevent,
or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being.
 DELIVERY OF MEDICINES

 Liquids and tablets that are swallowed

 Drops that are put into ears or eyes
 Creams, gels, or ointments that are rubbed onto the skin
 Inhalers (like nasal sprays or asthma inhalers)
 Patches that are stuck to skin (called transdermal patches)
 Tablets that are placed under the tongue (called sublingual
medicines; the medicine is absorbed into blood vessels
and enters the bloodstream)
 Injections (shots) or intravenous (inserted into a vein)
medicines
 DRUGS USED FOR THE
TREATMENT OF DISEASES
CAUSED DUE TO INFECTION
WHAT ARE INFECTIONOUS DISEASES.?
Infectious diseases are disorders caused by
organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or
parasites. Many organisms live in and on our
bodies. They're normally harmless or even
helpful. But under certain conditions, some
organisms may cause disease.
ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotics are usually reserved for bacterial
infections, because these types of drugs have no
effect on illnesses caused by viruses.

ANTIVIRALS
Drugs have been developed to treat some, but not all,
viruses. Examples include the viruses that cause
HIV/AIDS, Herpes, Hepatitis-B ,Influenza,ETC...
ANTIFUNGAL
Topical antifungal medications can be used to treat skin
or nail infections caused by fungi. Some fungal
infections, such as those affecting the lungs or the
mucous membranes, can be treated with an oral
antifungal. More-severe internal organ fungal infections,
especially in people with weakened immune systems,
may require intravenous antifungal medications.
ANTI-PARASITICS
Some diseases, including malaria, are caused by tiny
parasites. While there are drugs to treat these diseases,
some varieties of parasites have developed resistance
to the drugs.
 DRUGS USED FOR THE
TREATMENT OF DISEASES
CAUSED NOT DUE TO INFECTION

WHAT ARE NON-INFECTIONOUS

DISEASES.?
Non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens
and therefore cannot be spread from one person to
another. Instead, non-infectious diseases are caused by
factors such as genetics, malnutrition, environment and
lifestyle.
The drugs used are:
Anti-inflammatory
Analgesics (pain killers)
Anti-pyreutic (reduces fever)
Anti-cancer drugs
Anaesthetics (reduce pain by producing lack
of sensation)
Hynotics (sleep inducers)
Anti-depressants (reduce mental depression)
Anti-coagulants (prevent undesirable clotting)
 CHEMOTHERAPY
Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses
powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in
your body.
Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer,
since cancer cells grow and multiply much more
quickly than most cells in the body.
Many different chemotherapy drugs are available.
Chemotherapy drugs can be used alone or in
combination to treat a wide variety of cancers.
A PATIENT TAKING CHEMOTHERAPY
 WHY IS CHEMOTHERAPY DONE.?

Chemotherapy is used to kill cancer cells in people with cancer.

There are a variety of settings in which chemotherapy may be
used in people with cancer:
• To cure the cancer without other Treatments:
can be used as the primary or sole treatment for cancer.
• After other treatments, to kill hidden cancer cells:
can be used after other treatments, such as surgery, to kill any
cancer cells that might remain in the body.
• To prepare you for other treatments: Chemotherapy can
be used to shrink a tumor so that other treatments, such as
radiation and surgery, are possible.
• To ease signs and symptoms: Chemotherapy may help
relieve signs and symptoms of cancer by killing some of the
cancer cells. Doctors call this palliative chemotherapy.
 DETERMINATION OF WHICH
CHEMOTHERAPY DRUG CAN BE USED
DEPENDS ON:

 Type of cancer
 Stage of cancer
 Overall health
 Previous cancer treatments
 Your goals and preferences
Chemo drugs can be grouped by how they work, their chemical
structure, and their relationships to other drugs. Some drugs work in
more than one way, and may belong to more than one group.
Alkylating agents keep the cell from reproducing (making copies of
itself) by damaging its DNA. These drugs work in all phases of the
cell cycle and are used to treat many different cancers, including
cancers of the lung, breast, and ovary as well as leukemia,
lymphoma, Hodgkin disease, multiple myeloma, and sarcoma.
Nitrosoureas are a group of alkylating agents that have a special action.
They can enter the brain because they are able to cross through the
area known as the blood-brain barrier, a special area that keeps most
drugs out of the brain. This action makes these drugs useful in
treating certain types of brain tumors.
Antimetabolites interfere with DNA and RNA by acting as a
substitute for the normal building blocks of RNA and DNA. When
this happens, the DNA cannot make copies of itself, and a cell
cannot reproduce. They are commonly used to treat leukemias,
cancers of the breast, ovary, and the intestinal tract,etc
Anti-tumor antibiotics drugs are not like the antibiotics used to
treat infections. They work by changing the DNA inside cancer
cells to keep them from growing and multiplying.
Plant alkaloids are chemotherapy treatments derived made from
certain types of plants. The plant alkaloids are cell-cycle specific.
This means they attack the cells during various phases of division.
The vinca alkaloids are made from the periwinkle plant
The taxanes are made from the bark of the Pacific Yew
tree (taxus). The vinca alkaloids and taxanes are also known as
antimicrotubule agents.
Toposiomerase inhibitors are types of chemotherapy drugs that
interfere with the action of topoisomerase enzymes (topoisomerase I
and II).
During the process of chemo treatments, topoisomerase enzymes
control the manipulation of the structure of DNA necessary for
replication.

SOME DRUGS USED IN CHEMOTHERAPY

Nab-paclitaxel is a chemotherapy drug and is

also known by its brand name, Abraxane. It
combines the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel
with a protein called albumin. It is a treatment
for: breast cancer that has spread.Paclitaxel is
made up of C47H51NO14.
Daunorubicin
C27H29NO10
Daunorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic that has
antineoplastic activity and is used in the therapy of
acute leukemia and AIDS related Kaposi sarcoma.

Mitomycin
C15H18N4O5
Mitomycin c appears as blue-violet
crystals. Used as an anti-tumor antibiotic
complex.
Topotecan
C23H23N3O5
These drugs are Topoisomerase inhibitors.

Docetaxel
C43H53NO14
These are mitotic inhibitors they work
by stopping cells from dividing to
form new cells.
 HOW CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS ARE GIVEN.?

Chemotherapy infusions
Chemotherapy is most often given as an
infusion into a vein (intravenously). The drugs
can be given by inserting a tube with a needle
into a vein in your arm or into a device in a vein
in your chest.
Chemotherapy pills
Some chemotherapy drugs can be taken in pill
or capsule form.
Chemotherapy shots
Chemotherapy drugs can be injected with a needle, just
as you would receive a shot.
Chemotherapy creams
Creams or gels containing chemotherapy drugs can be
applied to the skin to treat certain types of skin cancer.
Chemotherapy drugs used to treat one area of
the body
Chemotherapy drugs can be given directly to one
area of the body.
For instance, chemotherapy drugs can be given
directly in the abdomen, chest cavity or central
nervous system.
Chemotherapy can also be given through the
urethra into the bladder.
Chemotherapy given directly to the cancer
Chemotherapy can be given directly to the cancer
or, after surgery, where the cancer once was.
As an example, thin disk-shaped wafers containing
chemotherapy drugs can be placed near a tumor
during
surgery. The wafers break down over time, releasing
chemotherapy drugs.
Chemotherapy drugs may also be injected into a vein
or artery that directly feeds a tumor.
THANK YOU