Bone

Tumors
Period 1A

Anatomy and Physiology

10cm By: Maria Paula Bravo Zambrano

 Table Of Contents
01 02 03
The disease Types Etiology
What are bone tumors? What are the types of benign What are the causes of bone
and malignant bone tumors? tumors?

04 05 06
Symptoms Risk Factors Diagnosis
What are the potential What are the risk factors for How bone tumors are
symptoms of bone tumors? bone tumors? diagnosed?

10cm Ref X-Ray Exp / 2

 Table Of Contents
07 09
Treatment Recovery
How are benign and malign How is the recovery from
tumors treated? bone tumor treatment?

08 10
Statistics Sources
Statistics of Bone Tumors in
Sites Used
U.S.A

10cm Is there a group of people most Ref X-Ray Exp / 3

affected?
What Are Bone Tumors?

When there is an abnormal and uncontrollable growth of

cells within a bone, they can form a mass or lump of
tissue that is called tumor.

In this case because they form in the bones, they receive

the name of Bone Tumors.

While these tumors are growing, they can displace

10cm
healthy tissue. It may weaken the bone, causing it to Ref X-Ray Exp / 4
break (fracture)
 The Disease: Bone
Tumors
Most bone tumors are
Malignant tumors
are cancerous.
benign (not cancerous).
Malignant bone
Benign tumors are usually
tumors can cause
not life-threatening and,
cancer to spread
in most cases, will not
throughout the
spread to other parts of
body.
the body
Bone tumors can affect
any bone in the body
and develop in any part
of the bone—from the
surface to the center of
the bone, called the
10cm bone marrow.
Ref X-Ray Exp / 5
Benign Tumor
 Types of Bone Tumors:
Benign
Osteochondromas Nonossifying
fibroma unicameral
A non-ossifying fibroma is a benign, non-
aggressive tumor that consists mainly of fibrous
tissue. It usually occurs in the thighbone or
shinbone but may also occur in the upper
extremities.

Osteochondroma is an overgrowth of
cartilage and bone that happens at the
end of the bone near the growth plate.
10cm Most often, it affects the long bones Ref X-Ray Exp / 6
in the leg, the pelvis, or the shoulder
 Types of Bone Tumors:
Benign
Enchondroma
Enchondroma is a type of benign
tumor that begins in the cartilage
found inside the bones.

Giant Cell Tumors

A giant cell tumor of bone is a type of
benign tumor that has a wide range of
behaviors. These tumors typically grow
10cm
at the ends of the body's long bones. Ref X-Ray Exp / 7
 Types of Bone Tumors:
Benign Aneurysmal bone
Fibrous Dysplasia
cyst
ABCs are blood-filled, fibrous cysts that
expand the bone and can cause pain,
swelling, and fractures. They are benign
cysts (non-cancerous) that don’t spread.

Fibrous dysplasia is a benign bone

condition in which abnormal fibrous
10cm Ref X-Ray Exp / 8
tissue develops in place of normal bone.
 Types of Bone Tumors:
Malignant
Ewing sarcoma
family of Chondrosarcoma
Osteosarcoma tumors (ESFTs)

Chondrosarcoma is a type of
Osteosarcoma is the most (ESFT) consists of a group of tumors
characterized by morphologically
bone cancer that starts in
common type of bone cancer cartilage cells.
similar round-cell neoplasm and by the
in which malignant cells Ref X-Ray Exp /
10cm presence of a common chromosomal 9
produce irregular bones. translocation.
 Types of Bone Tumors:
Malignant
Secondary bone
cancer
The term “secondary bone cancer”
means that the cancer started
somewhere else in the body and
10cm then spread to the bone. It usually
affects older adults.
Multiple
myeloma
Is a cancer that forms in a type of
white blood cell called a plasma
cell. This bone cancer shows up
as tumors in the bone marrow. Ref X-Ray Exp / 10
 What Are The Causes of
Bone Tumors? Malignant Bone Tumor

For most bone tumors the cause is

unknown.

They often occur in areas of the bone that

grow rapidly.

Possible causes include:

● Genetic defects passed down through
families
● Radiation
● Injury

10cm
In most cases, no specific cause is found. Ref X-Ray Exp / 11
 Sympto
Patients with a bone tumor will often experience pain in the
area of the tumor.

A dull ache in the affected bone is the most common

symptom of bone cancer.

ms
Although tumors are not caused by trauma,
occasionally injury can cause a tumor to
start hurting.

Injury can cause a bone weakened by tumor

to break, which often leads to severe pain.

Some tumors can also cause fevers and night

sweats.

Many patients will not experience any

The pain starts off as occasional and then becomes severe symptoms, but will instead note a painless
and constant. mass.

10cm It may worsen at night and increase with activity Ref X-Ray Exp / 12
 Risk Factors It's not clear what causes bone cancer, but doctors have found
certain factors are associated with an increased risk

Inherited genetic
syndromes.
Certain rare genetic
syndromes passed through
families increase the risk of
bone cancer.
Radiation therapy
for cancer.
Exposure to large doses of
radiation, such as those given
during radiation therapy for
cancer, increases the risk of
bone cancer in the future.
Paget's disease of
bone.
Most commonly occurring in
older adults, Paget's disease
of bone can increase the risk
of bone cancer developing
later.

10cm Ref X-Ray Exp / 13

 Diagnostic Process
Fractures, infections, and other conditions might resemble tumors.
Physical Exam
The doctor will perform a thorough
physical examination, focusing on the
tumor mass. He or she will look for:
• Swelling or tenderness in the area of the tumor
• Changes in the overlying skin
• The presence of a mass
•
Any effect the tumor might have on nearby
joints
In some cases, the doctor will examine
other parts of the body to rule out cancers
that can spread to bone.
10cm
Blood and urine
tests
A lab will analyze these fluids to detect
different proteins that may indicate the
presence of a tumor .
An alkaline phosphatase test is one common
tool doctors use to diagnose bone tumors.
When your bone tissue is especially active in
forming cells, large quantities of this enzyme
show up in your blood. This could be because
a bone is growing, such as in young people, or
it could mean a tumor is producing abnormal
bone tissue.
Ref X-Ray Exp /
14
 Diagnostic Process
To be sure someone has a bone tumor, the doctor might order a variety of tests.

Imaging tests Biopsies

The doctor will probably order X- A biopsy may be necessary to
Rays to determine the size and confirm the diagnosis of a bone
exact location of the tumor. tumor. In a biopsy, a sample of
Depending on the X-ray results, tissue is taken from the tumor. This
these other imaging tests may be sample is examined under a
necessary: microscope and analyzed by a
pathologist (a doctor who identifies
• CT Scan diseases by studying abnormal
• MRI Scan cells).
• PET Scan
• Arteriogram
• Bone Scan
10cm Ref X-Ray Exp / 15
 How Are Benign
Bone Tumors
Treated? If a tumor is benign, it may or may not require action.

Sometimes doctors just keep an eye on benign bone tumors to see if they
change over time.

This requires coming back periodically for follow-up X-rays.

Bone tumors can grow, stay the same, or eventually disappear.

However, doctors may want to surgically remove the benign tumor.

Benign tumors can sometimes spread or transform into malignant tumors.

Bone tumors can also lead to fractures.

10cm Ref X-Ray Exp / 16

 How Are Malignant
Bone Tumors Treated?
Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Cryosurgery
Therapy
Radiation is often used in If the doctor thinks the This treatment involves killing
Bone cancer is usually treated
conjunction with surgery. cancer cells are likely to cancer cells by freezing them with
with surgery. In surgery, the
High-dose X-rays are used to spread or if they already liquid nitrogen. A hollow tube is
entire tumor is removed. The
shrink tumors before surgery have, they may recommend inserted into the tumor, and liquid
surgeon carefully examines the
and kill cancer cells. chemotherapy. This therapy nitrogen or argon gas is pumped
margins of the tumor to make
Radiation can also reduce uses anticancer drugs to kill in. In some cases, cryosurgery can
sure no cancer cells are left after
pain and decrease the chance the rapidly growing cancer be used to treat bone tumors
surgery.
of bone fractures. cells. instead of regular surgery.

The treatment will depend on what type of bone cancer the patient has and whether it’s spread. In the
metastatic stage, cancerous cells have already spread to other parts of the body. This makes curing the cancer
10cm Ref X-Ray Exp / 17
more difficult.
 Statistics
• Less than 0.2% of all cancers are primary bone sarcomas.

• In 2021, an estimated 3,610 people of all ages (2,100 men

and boys and 1,510 women and girls) in the United States
will be diagnosed with primary bone sarcoma.

• In 2020, it was estimated that about 400 of these cases will

occur in people age 15 to 19.

• It is estimated that 2,060 deaths (1,190 men and boys and

870 women and girls) from this disease will occur in 2021.

• In adults, chondrosarcoma makes up more than 40% of

primary bone sarcomas.

• In teens and children, osteosarcoma (56%) and Ewing

10cm sarcoma (34%) are diagnosed far more often than Ref X-Ray Exp / 18
chondrosarcoma (6%).
 Who Is Most Affected By Bone
Tumors?
01 03
It most often occurs
in young people About 1 in 10
between the ages of 10 osteosarcomas occur in
and 30 people older than 60.

02 04
Teens are the most About 2% of childhood
commonly affected age cancers are osteosarcomas,
group, but people of any but they make up a much
age can develop smaller percentage of adult
10cm
osteosarcoma. cancers. Ref X-Ray Exp / 19
 Recovery
The length and The doctor will want the
complexity of the patients to stay in close
recovery will depend contact with them while
upon the type of tumor them recover.
as well as what type of
procedure was
performed.

Even though the tumor

has disappeared, it is
Follow-up X-rays and important to monitor the
blood tests will be body for signs of
necessary to make sure recurrence. Tumors that
the whole tumor is gone come back may pose
and that it doesn’t serious problems so it is
return. important to detect them
10cm Ref X-Ray Exp / 20
early.
 Resources
● https://www.healthline.com/health/bone-tumors#treatment-for-malignant-tumors

● https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001230.htm

● https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/bone-tumor/

● https://health.uconn.edu/msi/clinical-services/orthopaedic-surgery/bone-tumors-and-oncology/benign-and-mali
gnant-bone-tumors/

● https://www.cancer.org/cancer/bone-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

● https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20350217

● https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bone-cancer-sarcoma-bone/statistics

● https://www.cancer.org/cancer/osteosarcoma/about/key-statistics.html
10cm Ref X-Ray Exp / 21