Nav 2

Terrestrial and Coastal Navigation 1

3rd Semester, AY 2023-2024

Mr. Freud Kevin Candelaria

fcandelaria@midwaycolleges.edu.ph
 Topic
Navigational and Catalogue Charts
At the end of the session, the students are
expected to:

Explain the different kinds of Navigational

Charts and their purposes
In the maritime context, a chart refers specifically to a
nautical chart, which is a detailed graphical representation of
maritime areas and coastal regions used for navigation.

Here are the primary components and features of nautical

charts:

Components of a Nautical Chart

1.Coastlines and Shorelines:

-Detailed depiction of the outline of land masses, including

coastal contours and shorelines.
2. Water Depths (Soundings):
Depths are indicated in meters or feet and are crucial for avoiding underwater
hazards.
Contour lines or color gradients often represent different depth zones.
3. Navigational Aids:
Buoys, beacons, lighthouses, and other markers are depicted to help mariners
navigate safely.
Includes details such as light characteristics (e.g., flashing patterns and colors).
4. Hazards and Obstructions:
Underwater rocks, reefs, shipwrecks, and other potential dangers are marked.
Areas where navigation is restricted or dangerous are clearly indicated.
5. Tidal and Current Information:
Information on tidal ranges, directions, and strengths of currents, which are
critical for safe navigation.
6. Landmarks and Prominent Features:
Significant features like hills, towers, and buildings that can be used for visual
navigation.
7. Harbor Details:
Layout of harbors, including docks, piers, anchorages, and port facilities.
8. Geographic Coordinates and Scale:
Latitude and longitude grids for precise positioning.
The scale of the chart, which indicates the level of detail (e.g., large-
scale charts for detailed harbor navigation, small-scale charts for broad
area navigation).
9. Navigational Routes:
Recommended routes, shipping lanes, and separation schemes to manage
maritime traffic.
10. Symbols and Abbreviations:
Standardized symbols and abbreviations used to represent various
features and information.
Types of Nautical Charts
Paper Charts:
Traditional charts printed on paper, widely used
and required by maritime regulations in many
cases.
Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs):
Digital charts used in conjunction with
Electronic Chart Display and Information
Systems (ECDIS).
Offer interactive features, real-time updates, and
integration with other navigational systems.
Importance of Nautical Charts

Safe Navigation:
Essential for plotting courses, determining positions, and
avoiding hazards.
Used to plan voyages and ensure compliance with maritime
regulations.

Maritime Operations:
Crucial for various maritime operations, including fishing,
shipping, recreational boating, and search and rescue missions.
Updating and Maintenance
Nautical charts are regularly updated by hydrographic
offices and maritime authorities to reflect changes in
maritime conditions, new hazards, or changes in
navigational aids. Mariners are responsible for
keeping their charts up-to-date to ensure safety and
compliance with regulations.
In summary, nautical charts are vital tools for
maritime navigation, providing detailed and accurate
information needed to navigate safely and efficiently
on the water.
Chart Projections:
1. Mercator Projection:
Is often illustrated as a projection onto a cylinder ,it preserves
angles and directions, making it useful for plotting a straight-
line course, known as a rhumb line or loxodrome, angles are
correctly represented and the scale is the same in all direction
from any point
2. Polyconic Projection are developed onto a series of
cones tangent to the earth, it uses separate cones for
each parallel of latitude, the scale is correct along any
parallel and along the central meridian of the projection.
3. Lambert Conformal Projection
A single cone tangent at a single specified parallel of latitude is
termed a single conic projection with two reference parallels
secant to the globe and intersecting it
4. Gnomonic Projection is a type of azimuthal map
projection that projects points on the surface of a sphere from
the sphere's center onto a tangent plane, gnomonic chart,
commonly referred as great circle sailing chart
 Comparison between Mercator Chart and
Gnomonic
Mercator Chart Chart Gnomonic Chart
Meridians Appear as vertical, straight lines Appear as straight lines converging
toward the nearer pole

Parallel of Latitude Appear as horizontal, straight lines Appear as curves, except the equator
intersecting the meridians at right angles

Great Circles of Track Appear as curved lines, except meridians Appear as straight lines
and equator

Distance Scale Varies with distance from the equator Changes too rapidly, no constant scale

Rhumb Line Appear as straight line Appear as curved line

Any question???

Thank you!!!