Universiteti Politeknik i Tiranës

Fakulteti i Teknologjisë Informative

INXHINIERI
ELEKTRONIKE dhe TELEKOMUNIKACIONI
Sistemet Satelitore
(Komunikimet Satelitore)

Dr. Sc. Shkelzen Cakaj

Tiranë
Prill, 2024
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 1
 Kalkukimi i linkut
• Parametrat themelor
• Error performance
• Frequency band
• EIRP
• Received power
• Free space loss
• Ndikimi atmosferik
• Raporti S/N
• Kalkulimi i linkut
• Margjina
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 2
 Band designations
• L ……………………… 1000-2000 MHz • VLF …………… Very Low Frequency ….. 3-30 kHz

• S ……………………… 2000-4000 MHz • LF …………… Low Frequency …………30-300 kHz

• C ………………………. 4000-8000 MHz • MF …………… Medium Frequency …… 300-3000 kHz

• X …………………… 8000-12,000 MHz • HF …………… High Frequency ……….. 3-30 MHz

• Ku ……………………… 12-18 GHz • VHF …………… Very High Frequency … 30-300 MHz

• K ……………………….. 18-27 GHz
• Ka ………………………. 27-40 GHz
•
• V ………………………... 40-75 GHz
• UHF …………… Ultra High Frequency … 300-3000 MHz
•
• SHF …………… Super High Frequency…3-30 GHz
• EHF ………… Extremely High Frequency …30-300 GHz

• W ……………………….. 75-110 GHz

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 3

Band designations

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 4

 Link budget
• Customer requirements
• Link design considerations
- Operational frequency
- Propagation effects
- Noise effects
- Regulatory requirements
• Link budget parameters
- EIRP
- System noise temperature
- Figure of merit
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj
• Performance is expressed by
link budget
• S/N ratio
• Performance degradation
• Decrease of desired power S
- Free space loss
- Atmospheric loss
- Polarization loss
- Pointing loss
• Increase of noise power N
- Thermal noise
- Interference
5
Downlink performance
• System performance
• Figure of merit G TS
• System temperature
TS T ATcomp

• Antenna temperature
- Noise injected through antenna
- The worst propagation case

• Composite temperature
- Internal generated noise
- Lines and equipment
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 6
Thermal noise in time and frequency
domain
Signal to noise ratio
Signal to noise
Signal to noise ratio
Sky temperature

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 11

Antenna temperature

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 12

Antenna temperature

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 13

 Antenna temperature

Specific rain attenuation = 0.00407 (dB/km)

Antenna temperature (K)

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Elevation angle ( º )

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 14

 Antenna temperature parameters

T A  Tm (1  10  A 10 )  TC 10  A 10

Rain medium temperature (275 – 290) K

Sky temperature (3 – 10) K
Rain attenuation (1 - 3)dB

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 15

 Antenna temperature
Antenna temperature Antenna temperature

140
140
Antenna noise temeprature in (K)

120 120

100 4GHz
100

Antenna temperature in (K)

80
80

60
60

40
40 3GHz

20
20 2GHz
0 1GHz
1GHz 2GHz 3GHz 4GHz 0

Madrid Tirana Rome Prishtina Zagreb

Vienna Paris Brussels London Berlin
1GHz 2GHz 3GHz 4GHz

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 16

 Noise sources
• Thermal noise power
N = kTB
No = N/B= kT
• Noise figure F, Line loss L
• Effective noise temperature T

TLNA  ( FLNA  1)  290K TL f  L f  1 290K

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 17

Noise temperature

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 18

Composite temperature

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 19

Composite temperature

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 20

Composite temperature

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 21

 System noise temperature

Specific rain attenuation = 0.00407 (dB/km)

Antenna temperature (K)

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Elevation angle ( º )

TLNA Tc TLNC
T A  Tm (1  10  A 10
)  TC 10  A 10
Tcomp  T f   
Gf G f GLNA G f GLNAGc

G G

TS T  T  TLNA  TC  TLNC
A f
Gf G f GLNA G f GLNAGC
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 22
Composite temperature

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 23

 Composite temperature parameters
Receiving antenna gain - (30 – 50) dBi
Feed line loss - (0.2 – 0.4) dB
LNA noise figure - (0.6 – 0.9) dB
LNA gain - (30 – 50) dB
Loss (cabling and filtering) - (3 – 5) dB
LNC noise figure - (0.6 – 0.8) dB
LNC gain - (30 – 40) dB

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 24

Link Budget

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 25

 Downlink budget
Transmit Power dB
Loss dB
Antenna Gain dBi
EIRP dBW
Total Propagation Loss dB
Received Isotropic Power dBW
Antenna Gain dBi
System Noise Temperature dBK
Figure of Merit (G/TS) dB/K
S/N0 dB
Receiver bandwidth dBHz
S/N dB
Required S/N Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj dB 26
Downlink Margin dB
 Uplink budget
Transmit Power dB
Loss dB
Antenna Gain dBi
EIRP dBW
Total Propagation Loss dB
Received Isotropic Power dBW
Antenna Gain dBi
System Noise Temperature dBK
Figure of Merit (G/TS) dB/K
S/N0 dB
Receiver bandwidth dBHz
S/N dB
Required S/N Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj dB 27
Uplink Margin dB