Universiteti Politeknik i Tiranës

Fakulteti i Teknologjisë Informative

INXHINIERI
ELEKTRONIKE dhe TELEKOMUNIKACIONI
Sistemet Satelitore
(Komunikimet Satelitore)

Dr. Sc. Shkelzen Cakaj

Tiranë
Mars, 2024
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 1
 Orbitat satelitore
• Karaktersitikat e elipses
• Koordinatat gjeografike
• Principet bazike dhe ligjet e Kepler-it
• Llojet e orbitave
• Ekscentriciteti orbital
• Equinox-et
• Parametrat orbitale
• Parametrat hapsinor
• Shpejtesite kozmike

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Ekscentriciteti

ra  r p
e
ra  r p

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Earth’s rotation

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Inclinacioni
Longitude & latitude

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Longitude & latitude

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Longitude & latitude

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 Altitude

Are you moving FASTER or SLOWER the higher your altitude?

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Ground track

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Perigee and Apogee

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 Ligjet e Kepler-it

The orbits of the planets are ellipses with the sun at one focus.
The orbits of satellites around the earth are ellipses with the earth at one
focus…..
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 Ligjet e Kepler-it

t2
t1

Area 2 Area 1
t0
t3

t1-t0 = t3-t2
Area 1 = Area 2
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 Ligjet e Kepler-it
M m
E P  E K  cons  G
• Ligji I. 2a
Orbita satelitore eshte elipse me M m 1
njerin fokus ne qender te Tokes.
E P  G E K  mv 2
r 2

• Ligji II. 2 1
v    
dA
 const .
r a
dt
v p  rp  v a  ra  v  r  cos   const.

• Ligji III.

T 2 proportional a3
2
v  r 
T
T2 
2  2
 r3
 Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 14
Ekuacioni i levizjes (Motion equation)
• Ekuacion diferencial  2
d r
• Supozimet:  F  m dt 2
- Trupat me masa sferike 
- Nuk ka forca tjera veprimi  M m r
F  G 2
- Masa e Tokes shume e madhe r r

d r2
  M  5.974 x10 24 kg
2
 3 r 0
dt r G  6.672 x10 11m 3 kg  s 2

• Zgjidhja – prerja konike   GM  3.986 x1014 m 3 s 2

•
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 Prerja konike

Orbit shapes are either

circular or elliptical.

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 Prerja konike

ra  r p
e
ra  r p

p
r e0r  p
1  e cos 
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Seminari

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Seminari

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 Klasifikimi i orbitave
• Orientimi i planit orbital
- Ekuatoriale, polare dhe te inklinuara
- Prograde (direct) dhe retrograde (opposite) orbita
• Ekscentriciteti
- Eliptike dhe rrethore
- Molniya (0.75, 65º, 400km, 40000km)
(ex. GOES, Eks = 0.00025)
• Distanca nga Toka
LEO, MEO, GEO
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 GEO Orbits
• Advantages of the the GEO orbit
– No problem with frequency changes
– Tracking of the satellite is simplified
– High coverage area
• Disadvantages of the GEO orbit
– Weak signal after traveling over 35,000 km
– Polar regions are poorly served
– Signal sending delay is substantial

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 LEO Orbits
• Circular/slightly elliptical orbit under 1500 km
• Orbit period ranges around 1.5 hours
• Diameter of coverage is about 6000- 8000 km
• Round-trip signal propagation delay less than 20 ms
• Maximum satellite visible time up to 15 min
• System must cope with large Doppler shifts
• Atmospheric drag results in orbital deterioration

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 MEO Orbits
• Circular orbit at an altitude in the range of
5000 to 12,000 km
• Orbit period of 6 hours
• Diameter of coverage is 10,000 to 15,000 km
• Round trip signal propagation delay less than
50 ms
• Maximum satellite visible time is a few hours

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