Universiteti Politeknik i Tiranës

Fakulteti i Teknologjisë Informative

INXHINIERI
ELEKTRONIKE dhe TELEKOMUNIKACIONI
Sistemet Satelitore
(Komunikimet Satelitore)

Dr. Sc. Shkelzen Cakaj

Tiranë
Mars, 2024
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 1
 Diskutimi
• Parametrat e levizjes
• Parametrat hapsinor
• Gjurma tokesore (ground track)
• Perturbimet orbitale

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 2

 Ligjet e Kepler-it
M m
E P  E K  cons  G
• Ligji I. 2a
Orbita satelitore eshte elipse me M m 1
njerin fokus ne qender te Tokes.
E P  G E K  mv 2
r 2

• Ligji II. 2 1
v    
dA
 const .
r a
dt
v p  rp  v a  ra  v  r  cos   const.

• Ligji III.

T 2 proportional a3
2
v  r 
T
T2 
2  2
 r3
 Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 3
 Parametrat e levizjes

 2 1
v    
v r a
r

T 2

2 
2
r 3


Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 4
 Equinox i Vernalit
(Equinoxi pranveror)

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 5

 Equinox i Vernalit
(Equinoxi pranveror)

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 6

 Equinox i Vernalit
(Equinoxi pranveror)

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 7

 Equinox i Vernalit
(Equinoxi pranveror)

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 8

 Equinox i Vernalit
(Equinoxi pranveror)

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 9

 Elementet orbitale
(Parametrat hapsinor)
• Apogee/perigee • Right ascension of the
• Eccentricity ascending node
• Semi major axis • Inclination
• Argument of the perigee
• True anomaly of the
satellite

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 10

Inclinacioni

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 11

 Space orbital parameters Inclination
Prograde:
0  i < 90

Equatorial: i = 0 or 180
Inclination of the orbit determines the maximum latitude the ground track will reach

Polar: i = 90 Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj Retrograde: 12

90  i 180
Space orbital parameters

• The position of the orbital

plane in space
• Location of the orbit in
orbital plane
• Position of the satellite in
the orbit
• The shape of orbit

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 13

Space orbital parameters

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 14

Line of nodes

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 15

 Ground Tracks

• One way to define a satellite’s orbit is to determine its track

across the ground

Sub point
Point on Earth’s surface defined by an
imaginary line connecting the satellite
and the Earth’s center
Ground Track
Trace of sub points over time

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 16

Inclination

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 17

 Ground Tracks

• Factors • For a non-rotating Earth,

• Size/Period
• Eccentricity
• Inclination
• Argument of Perigee
• Injection Point
the ground track of a
satellite is a great circle
Since the Earth spins on its
axis and the satellite orbits
the Earth, the period of
both affects the ground
track

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 18

 Ground tracks

• Period
• Eccentricity
• Inclination
• Argument of Perigee
• Injection Point
Ground tracks

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 20

 Ground tracks

• Inclination of the orbit determines the maximum

latitude the ground track will reach
•
Ground tracks

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 22

 Ground tracks
Inclination

60
45N
30

30
45S
60

Inclination = 45 degrees
Eccentricity ~ 0
Ground tracks

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 24

 Ground tracks
III.Ground Tracks

C B A

-120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60

A - time zero
B - after one orbit Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 84
C - after two orbits Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 25
 Ground tracks

- Earth rotates east under a satellite => satellite

appears to walk west

- Earth rotates 360 degrees in 24 hours

(15 degrees per hour)
 Ground tracks
Injection Point
•
• Injection point will determine where the
ground track will start
 Injection velocity
• Shpejtesia e pare kosmike 
v
r
- Orbita rrethore
• Shpejtesia e dyte kosmike 2
v
- Orbita eliptike r

• Ekscentriciteti 0e 1
• Shpejtesia me le larte ne 2 1 r
 v2  R1
perigee shkakton apogee me te   
larget  v1  1 r
R2

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 30

 Injection velocity
2 1
v    
r a

2 2
ra  R, rp  r  v p  
r rR

v
r


v
r

 2
 v
r r

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 31

 PERTURBATIONS
• Definition
– A disturbance in the regular motion of a celestial body
• Types
– Gravitational
– Atmospheric Drag
– Solar Wind/Radiation Effects
• Orbital Maneuvers
– Change in size/period
– Change in argument of perigee
– Change in true anomaly
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 32
 Levizja e satelitit
• Dinamika orbitale
• Launch requirements to acquire the desired orbit
• Operations:
• Orbit stabilization
• Orbit correction
• Station keeping
• Qellimi: Mbajta e satelitit ne orbiten e deshiruar

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 33

 PERTURBATIONS
Atmospheric Drag

Perigee remains same, Apogee decreases

IV.PERTURBATIONS
Gravitational: Nodal Regression
 Modifikimi i parametrave orbital

• Right ascension of the ascending node D 1 2

  0.58( )2 ( ) cos i
- Perturbation: ra  rp 1 e
• Inclination deviation v  2v sin i / 2 
2
• Perigee deviation  4  5 sin 2 i   D 
  0.29  2 2  
• Shape of orbit deviation  (1  e )   ra  rp 

- Every orbit tends to become circular

- Radius equal to perigee
- Apogee and perigee distances can be applied by applying thrust

 
v  ra ; atperigee v  rp ; atapogee
v p (ra  rp ) 2
v a (ra  rp ) 2

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 36

Modifikimi i parametrave orbital


v  ra
v p ra  rp 
2


v  rp
v a ra  rp 
2

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 37

Modifikimi i parametrave orbital
Injection velocity

10

Injection velocity at perigee [km/s]

9.5

8.5

8 7000 7200
7400 7600
7.5

Apogee increment step [km]

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 38

 Fakulteti Teknologjise se Informacionit
Viti Akademik: 2016-2017
Departamenti Elektronikes dhe Telekomunikacionit
Drejtimi:

Kandidatët:
Hasan Hyseni
Hysen Hasani

Titulli (TNR 14)

Abstrakt- Deri ne 200fjale, italix TNR-10.

1. Hyrje (TNR 12, Bold)

Teksti TNR-12, Single space.

Fig.1. Phase Reversal Keying (TNR -10)

2. Seksioni i pare
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
(TNR 12, single space)

3. Seksioni
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

3.1. Nenseksioni TNR 11, bold)

4. Seksioni

5. Përfundimet
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 39
Literatura
[1] http://www.slideshare.net/damigo88/psk-modulation [TNR, 10]