Universiteti Politeknik i Tiranës

Fakulteti i Teknologjisë Informative

INXHINIERI
ELEKTRONIKE dhe TELEKOMUNIKACIONI
Sistemet Satelitore
(Komunikimet Satelitore)

Dr. Sc. Shkelzen Cakaj

Tiranë
Prill, 2024
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 1
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 2
Radar Map
 ISS

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 4

Downlink performance
• System performance
• Figure of merit G TS
• System temperature
TS T ATcomp

• Antenna temperature
- Noise injected through antenna
- The worst propagation case

• Composite temperature
- Internal generated noise
- Lines and equipment
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 5
 Band designations
• L ……………………… 1000-2000 MHz • VLF …………… Very Low Frequency ….. 3-30 kHz

• S ……………………… 2000-4000 MHz • LF …………… Low Frequency …………30-300 kHz

• C ………………………. 4000-8000 MHz • MF …………… Medium Frequency …… 300-3000 kHz

• X …………………… 8000-12,000 MHz • HF …………… High Frequency ……….. 3-30 MHz

• Ku ……………………… 12-18 GHz • VHF …………… Very High Frequency … 30-300 MHz

• K ……………………….. 18-27 GHz
• Ka ………………………. 27-40 GHz
•
• V ………………………... 40-75 GHz
• UHF …………… Ultra High Frequency … 300-3000 MHz
•
• SHF …………… Super High Frequency…3-30 GHz
• EHF ………… Extremely High Frequency …30-300 GHz

• W ……………………….. 75-110 GHz

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 6

Band designations

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 7

 Kalkukimi i linkut
• Parametrat themelor
• Error performance
• EIRP
• Received power
• Free space loss
• Ndikimi atmosferik
• Raporti S/N
• Kalkulimi i linkut
• Margjina
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 8
 Link budget
• Customer requirements
• Link design considerations
- Operational frequency
- Propagation effects
- Noise effects
- Regulatory requirements
• Link budget parameters
- EIRP
- System noise temperature
- Figure of merit
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj
• Performance is expressed by
link budget
• S/N ratio
• Performance degradation
• Decrease of desired power S
- Free space loss
- Atmospheric loss
- Polarization loss
- Pointing loss
• Increase of noise power N
- Thermal noise
- Interference
9
Received power

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 10

 Free space loss
• Range equation (dB) Pr  EIRP  LS  LO G r
Pr
 EIRP  LS  L0  Gr TS  228.6
N0
• Free space loss (4df ) 2
LS 
c2

210
Free Space Loss (dB)

200

190
2 GHz
180 8 GHz

170 12GHz

160

150
1000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 35000
Distance (km)
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 11
 Free space loss

210
Free Space Loss (dB)

200

190
2 GHz
180 8 GHz

170 12GHz

160

150
1000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 35000
Distance (km)

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 12

VI. Link budget parameters

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 13

Downlink performance
• System performance
• Figure of merit G TS
• System temperature
TS T ATcomp

• Antenna temperature
- Noise injected through antenna
- The worst propagation case

• Composite temperature
- Internal generated noise
- Lines and equipment
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 14
 Ndikimi atmosferik

• Perhapja e sinjaleve ne kushte te vecanta

• Ndikimi atmosferik
• Efekti Faraday
• Dobesimi nga shiu
• Absorbimi dhe shperhapja
• Depolarizimi
• Polarizimi rrethor
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 15
Atmosphere considerations

Propagation loss:
- Ionospheric
(negligible at S-band)
- Tropospheric

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 16

Ionosphere effects

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 17

 Ionosphere effects
• Critical frequency f c  8.9788 Ne

• Faraday rotation 2.36  10 20

1 f 32   2
Bav N T
f
• Group delay rT

• N T   N e dr
Dispersion 0

Effect 1 GHz 2 GHz 3 GHz Freq. depend.

2
Faraday rotation 106º 12º 1.1º 1 f
Group delay 0.25 µs 0.028 µs 0.003 µs 1 f2

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 18

 Troposphere effects
• Hydrometeors attenuation
• Temperature and humidity
• Absorption & Scattering
• Rain has the highest water content
• Scattering is negligible at S-band

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 19

Rain attenuation

Pr (r )  Pr (0)e  r

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 20

 Specific rain attenuation
• Specific rain attenuation γ
- Rain structure
- Frequency

  F [rd , n(r ), m, f ]
  aR b

- R is rain fall rate 30 -50 [mm/h]

- a, b are frequency coefficients
- Annual percentage p=0.01%
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 21
 Specific rain attenuation

Frequency [GHz] ah bh av bv

2 0.0000847 1.0664 0.0000998 0.9490

2.5 0.0001321 1.1209 0.0001464 1.0085
3 0.0001390 1.2322 0.0001942 1.0688
3.5 0.0001155 1.4189 0.0002346 1.1387

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 22

Specific rain attenuation

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 23

 Rain path geometry

Satellite

Frozen
Melting Layer (0 )

lr
hr
0

hs

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 24

 Rain path geometry
• Rain attenuation • Effective rain height (km)
- Specific rain attenuation - Latitude  of the ground
- Geographical location (latitude) station
- Rain path length (elevation) hr  5  0.075  23, for  23
hr  5 0    23
Satellite

Melting Layer (0 )
Frozen • Horizontal rain path reduction
factor 1
s
lr l sin 
1  r  0.0150R
hr 35e
0

hs • Rain attenuation is:

A  aR b slr
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 25
 Rain Attenuation in Europe

Rain attenuation variation in Europe

0.6 4GHz
Attenuation variation (dB)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 3GHz

0.1 2GHz
1GHz
0
1

1GHz 2GHz 3GHz 4GHz

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 26

Polarization

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 27

 Depolarization

XPD  a  b log AR
Ea
XPD  20 log
E ax

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 28

 Rain attenuation modelling
input _ parameters :
f , a  f , b f , R,  , hs ,  0 , (e  2.718)

  a  Rb

NO
  23
YES

hr  5  0.73  23 hr  5

hr  hs h
lr  
sin  0 sin  0

1
s
l r sin  0
1
35e 0.015 R

AR    s  l r

AR
Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 29
 Rain attenuation modelling results
• Rain attenuation
- Dependency on elevation angle
- Different rain fall rates R
- Frequency: 2GHz
- Location: Vienna

Dr. Shkelzen Cakaj 30