Types of printers

Printers available today are:

 Laser printers using electro photographic technology
 Inkjet printers using electrostatic spray technology
 Dot matrix printers using impact technology
Used in applications that require multiple (“carbon”)
copies
 Printer speed is measured in pages per minute (ppm):
Inkjet Printer 2 - 6 ppm
Laser Printer 8 - 200 ppm
 Price of a printer reflects its capacity and speed
 Dot matrix/ Epson printer

Dot matrix printer operation

These are the only type of impact printers still in
wide use. A set of steel pins - typically between 9
and
24 - strikes the paper through a fabric or carbon
film ribbon. The pins are activated by solenoids
which
are controlled by the printer's control logic.
Multiple passes may be used to increase the
effective
 number of pins and improve print quality
(letter versus draft mode).
For text, an internal character generator
(ROM) converts ASCII codes to pin firing
patterns. For
arbitrary graphics, the actual bit map is read
out and used to control the pin drive.
The paper, carriage, and sometimes ribbon
movement use stepper motors. These, their
drivers, or interconnect cables, are common
problem areas.
 Inkjet Printer Components
 A feeding mechanism draws paper in and the
paper passes by the print head where ink is sprayed
onto it.
 Paper leaves the printer through the discharge
mechanism, and is wait for about 15 seconds.
 Laser Jet Printer
 Laser printers work on the photoconductive
properties of certain organic com­pounds.
 Photoconductive means that particles of these
compounds, when exposed to light (that's the
photo part), will conduct electricity. Laser
printers use lasers as a light source because of
their accuracy.
 How It Works:- Laser Printer

Clean -Charge -Write-Develop -Transfer-Fuser

The main actor, is the photo conducting drum a

specially coated cylinder that receives a
positive or negative charge from a charging roller
A transfer roller or charging wire that applies a
charge opposite the toner's to the paper, the paper
sheet meets the drum.
The fusser heat roller and a pressure roller, It melts
the toner which contains resins onto the page.
 Laser Printing Process

 The laser printer process involves six steps to

print information onto a single sheet of paper
 In most cases, your PC talks with controller circuitry
(1) in your laser printer to queue up and translate
printing data; a raster image processor (RIP) converts
images and text into a virtual matrix of tiny dots.
The main actor, however, is the photo conducting drum
(2), a specially coated cylinder that receives a
positive or negative charge from a charging roller (3)(or,
in some printers, a corona wire). A laser beam(4),
switching rapidly on and off and deflected off a rotating
mirror (5), scans the charged drum horizontally in
precise lines. When the beam flashes on, it reverses the
charge of tiny spots on the drum,
 Con…

corresponding to dots that are to be printed black.

After the laser scans a line, a stepper motor advances
the drum, and the laser repeats the process—all.
Next, the drum's laser-kissed portion encounters the
developer roller (6), which is coated in charged toner
particles from the toner hopper(7), part of the toner
cartridge. Charged toner clings to the discharged areas
of the drum, reproducing, in reverse, your images and
text.
Meanwhile, a belt or roller assembly (8)draws paper
inside from the paper tray (9), past a transfer roller or
charging wire (10)that applies a charge opposite the
toner's to the paper.
 Con…

As the paper sheet meets the drum, the drum-borne

toner transfers to paper. A cleaning blade (11)then
cleans the drum ,and the process continues in a
smooth, circular flow. (Color lasers work similarly, but
the paper may require four passes by the drum for four
toner colors. Alternately, the printer may transfer each
color layer to an intermediate belt before applying it to
the paper, or employ four drum/toner assemblies.)
 Con…

Last, your page, with its imprint of tenuously

anchored toner, reaches the fuser (12)—a heat
roller and a pressure roller. It melts the toner,
which contains resins and sometimes wax,
onto the page.
pages in your out tray.
 Laser Jet Printer Parts

Toner Cartridge Components

The Photosensitive Drum
Primary Corona Wire
Laser
Transfer Corona
Fuser unit
 -fixer film
 -thermister
 -thermal fuse
 Toner Cartridge Components

 Inside a toner cartridge there are four kinds

of components:
1. Toner with Developer
2. Cleaning Blade
3. Photoconductor drum
4. Gears ( For Mixing toner with developer)
Toner cartridge with photosensitive drum
 The Photosensitive Drum

The photosensitive drum is an aluminum cylinder

coated with particles of photosensitive compounds.
It make image on it with tonner
 Primary Corona Wire

The primary corona wire, located close to the

photo-sensitive drum, never touches the drum.
When charged with an extremely high voltage,
an electric field (or corona) forms, allowing
voltage to pass to the drum and charge the
photosensitive particles on its surface.
 Laser part

The laser is the printer's writing mechanism.

Particle on the drum struck by the laser becomes
conductive, allowing its charge to be
energetic away into the grounded core of the
drum. In this way, the laser writes a positive
image onto the drum.
 Transfer roller/corona wire

Used to transfer the image from the

photosensitive drum to the paper
The paper must be given a charge that will
attract the toner particles off the drum and on
to the paper.
 Fuser unit

The toner must be fused to the paper to make the

image permanent. Two rollers-a pressure roller and a
heated roller-work together to fuse the toner to the
paper
 Drum Cleaner

The printing process begins with the physical

and electrical cleaning of the photosensitive
drum. Before printing each new page, the drum
must be returned to a clean, fresh condition. All
residual toner left over from printing the
previous page must be removed,
 Charger part

To make the drum receptive to new images, it must

be charged. The corona wire applies a uniform
negative charge to the entire surface of the drum

Developer (make /writing) the Image
 laser writes a positive image on the surface of
the drum.
 Every particle on the drum hit by the laser will
release most of its negative charge into the
drum. Those particles are then positively
charged relative to the toner particles, and will
attract them, creating a developed image on the
drum.
 Transfer the Image
 transfer image from the drum on to the paper,
the transfer corona charges the paper with a
positive charge.
Once in prox­imity to this positive charge, the
negatively charged toner particles leap from the
drum to the paper.
 Fuser part

This is a final step in the process, the fuser melts the

toner on to the paper. The printer then ejects the
final printed copy, and the process begins again with
step one(cleaning)
 Sensors and Switches

Every laser printer contains a large array of sen­

sors and switches. The sensors are used to
detect a broad range of conditions such as
paper jams, empty paper trays, or low toner
levels. Many sensors are really tiny switches
that detect conditions like open doors.
 Gears parts

 A laser printer performs many mechanical

operations. The paper must be picked up, fed
through, and kicked out of the printer. The
photosensitive roller must be turned and The toner
must be evenly distribute, most laser printer have two
or three gearboxes
 Power supply parts

Power Supplies- All laser printers have at least

two separate power supplies. The first power supply
is called the primary power supply or sometimes
just the power supply. The primary power supply
powers the motors that move the paper, the system
electronics, the laser, and the transfer corona.
 The second power supply

 is the high-voltage power supply. It usually only

powers the primary corona. The extremely high
voltage of this power supply makes it one of the
most dangerous devices in the world of PCs!

. Attach the power cable to the printer and the other

end to an available electrical outlet.
Warning: Never plug a printer into a UPS. The power
surge that occurs when the printer is turned on will
damage the UPS unit
 Lines on the page
• Many times there is a foreign substance
(ink, white-out) on the drum .
Clean with a soft cloth and blower. Do not
spray the cleaner on the machine.
• Check the white set bar, on the top side of
the laser glass. This could be covered with ink
or pencil marks.
Clean this in the same manner listed above.
• The waste toner area could be full.
 Replace or empty and clean the waste hopper.

• If there is a line (often large), going vertically down

the page, this usually indicates a drum blade
problem.
The drum blade usually needs to be replaced but
clean it first.
Dark Pages
•Full black Pages
Check to ensure the density is not set
for too dark a setting and The drum may
need to be replaced.
• The toner cartridge could have a
problem it drop toner .
 Try replacing it to see if that corrects the
problem.
Noises
 Most noises are caused by many parts.
The problem could be fans, gears, tires or
motor and electrical components.
 If this troubleshooting information does
not solve your problem, you would be well
to contact a trained technician to advised or
repair complicated problem.
 HOW to CLEAN THE PRINTER
Use the cleaning procedure on the following page every
time you change the print cartridge or whenever print-
quality problems occur. As much as possible, keep the
printer free from dust and debris.
1.Clean the outside of the printer with a slightly water-
dampened cloth.
2.Clean the inside with a dry, lint-free cloth.
CAUTION
Do not use ammonia-based cleaners on or around the printer.
:
While cleaning the printer,be careful not to touch the transfer
roller (the black, rubber roller located underneath the print
cartridge). Skin oils on the roller can cause print-quality
problems.
 Cleaning the inside of the printer

To clean the inside of the printer

Use these steps to clean dust and residue from the inside of the
printer.
•Turn the printer power off and unplug the power cord.
 •Open the top cover and remove the print cartridge.

WARNING:
Avoid reaching too far into the printer. The adjacent fusing area
might be hot.
CAUTION:
To prevent damage to the print cartridge, do not expose it to light
for more than a few minutes. Cover the print cartridge with a
sheet of paper while it is outside of the printer.
 •Wipe any dust or dirt off the paper feed guides (shaded areas) with
a dry, lint-free cloth.

NOTE:
If toner gets on your clothing, wipe it off with a dry cloth and
wash clothing in cold water. (Hot water sets toner into fabric/
stick it.)
•Using the green handle, lift the paper-access plate and wipe off any
residue with a dry, lint-free cloth.

.Reinstall the print cartridge, close the top cover, plug in the power
cord, and turn the printer power on.
 Cleaning the fuser

.Run the printer cleaning page to keep the fuser free of toner
and paper particles that can sometimes accumulate.
Accumulation of toner and particles can cause specks to
appear on the front or back side of your print jobs.
.To ensure optimum print quality, HP recommends that you
use the cleaning page every time you replace the print
cartridge or on an automatic interval that you can set up.
 Con..

If you have an optional duplexer installed, you must run

cleaning pages manually.
.The cleaning procedure takes about 2.5 minutes to
complete. ACLEANING message appears on the printer
control panel display while the cleaning is taking place.
Running the cleaning page automatically

Using the procedure below, you can set the printer to print
cleaning pages automatically at an interval that you select. In order
for the cleaning page to run without intervention, you must keep
the selected size and plain paper type available in the printer. The
printer will not interrupt a printing job in process.
 Printer to Computer Interfaces

To access a printer, a computer must have an interface with it. The

following are common interface types:
 Serial data transfer is the movement of single bits of information
in a single cycle.
Serial ports are D-shell and are either male or female ports
 Parallel data transfer is the movement of multiple bits of
information in a single cycle.
Parallel data transfer is faster than serial data transfer
 Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), pronounced “scuzzy”,
uses parallel communication to achieve high data-transfer rates.
 Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a common interface for printers
and other devices.
 More Interface Types

 Firewire is also known as I. LINK or IEEE 1394 and is a high-

speed, communication bus that is platform independent.
Firewire devices are hot-swappable.
 Ethernet is an interface for network printers, which are usually a
resource shared on a network.
 Wireless printing technology:
Infrared requires transmitters and receivers on both devices, a
clear line of sight between the transmitter and receiver, and a
maximum distance of 15 ft (4.5 m).
Bluetooth technology uses an unlicensed radio frequency for
short-range communication.
Wi-Fi or IEEE 802.11 is a standard for wireless
communication.
Some code error

13.00/40 paper jam

59.40/49 tonner cartilage problem
 practical working parts
Removing the cover and tonner cartridge
Removing and opening fuser unit
Changing fixer film
Cleaning heating element
Removing paper jam
Cleaning laser mirror
Removing paper tray
Removing/cleaning feeder roller
Removing and cleaning transfer roller/ corona
wire e.t.c…
PHOTOCOPY
 TYPES OF PHOTOCOPY

• :
1. Analog photocopy
2. Digital photocopy
 How photocopy work

The amazing thing about how photocopiers work is the nature of

these phenomena.

These principles are:

1. Materials of opposite electrical charges attract, and
2. Some materials become better conductors of electricity when
exposed to light.
 The basic principles of photocopying
:

1. A photoconductive surface is given a positive electrical charge.

2. The photoconductive surface is then exposed to the image of a
document.
3. The electrical charge dissipates in the exposed areas.
4. Negatively-charged powder that’s spread over the surface sticks
to the positively-charged areas
through electrostatic attraction.
5. A piece of paper is placed over the powder image and given a
positive charge.
6. The negatively-charged powder is attracted to the paper as it’s
separated from the
photoconductor.
7. Heat fuses the powder image to the paper, producing a copy of
the original image.
 Charging

.Inside every copier and laser printer is a light-sensitive surface

called a photoreceptor. It consists of a thin layer of
photoconductive material that is applied to a flexible belt or
drum. The photoreceptor is insulating in the dark, but becomes
conducting when it is exposed to light. . It is charged in the
dark by applying a high DC voltage to adjacent wires, which
produces an intense electric field near the wires that causes the
air molecules to ionize.
 Exposing

•. In a digital copier or printer, the image is exposed on the

photoreceptor with a scanning modulated laser or a light-
emitting-diode image bar. In older analog copiers, reflected
light from an illuminated image is projected onto the
photoreceptor. In either case, the areas of the photoreceptor
exposed to light are selectively discharged, causing a reduction
in the electric field. The darker areas retain their charge.
 Developing

The toner
is negatively charged. When it is applied to the drum t
o develop the image, it is attracted and sticks to the ar
eas that are negatively charged (black areas), just as p
aper sticks to a balloon with a static charge.
 Transferring

•The powder image is transferred from the photoreceptor onto

paper by bringing the paper in contact with the toner and then
applying a charge with polarity opposite to that of the toner.
The charge must be strong enough to overcome the powders
adhesion to the photoreceptor. A second precisely controlled
charge releases the paper, now containing the image, from the
photoreceptor.
 Fussing

•In the fusing process, the toner comprising the image is

melted and bonded to the paper. This is accomplished by
passing the paper through a pair of rollers. A heated roll
melts the toner, which is fused to the paper with the aid of
pressure from the second roll.
 Cleaning

•Toner transfer from the photoreceptor to the paper is not

100 percent efficient, and residual toner must be removed
from the photoreceptor before the next print cycle. Most
medium- and high-speed copiers and printers accomplish
this with a rotating cleaning blade (brush cleaner).
 All parts are…

.The drum is made out of aluminum, which is a great conductor of

electricity. And that makes it the ideal material, because the next
step in the process is the addition of an electrical charge, or
voltage. And the next part that comes into play is the rollers, which
are covered with toner. The toner is pressed onto the roller.
The first part that comes into play is the corona wire. Its job is to
lay down a positively-charged layer
of ions on the drum. Then, simultaneously, the light comes on,
and the drum begins to rotate. The light reflects off mirrors onto
the drum, with the dark areas absorbing the light.
The fuser consists of heated rollers
that melt the toner onto the page.

The toner is pressed onto the roller.

 Gears parts

 A laser printer performs many mechanical

operations. The paper must be picked up, fed
through, and kicked out of the printer. The
photosensitive roller must be turned and The toner
must be evenly distribute, most laser printer have two
or three gearboxes
 Sensors and Switches

Every laser printer contains a large array of sen­

sors and switches. The sensors are used to
detect a broad range of conditions such as
paper jams, empty paper trays, or low toner
levels. Many sensors are really tiny switches
that detect conditions like open doors.
 Lines on the page
• Many times there is a foreign substance (ink, white -out) on
the scanner glass (copier mirrors).
Clean with a soft cloth and mild cleanser. Do not spray the
cleanser on the machine.
• Check the white set bar, on the top side of the scanner glass.
This could be covered with ink or pencil marks.
Clean this in the same manner listed above .
• The waste toner area could be full.
 Replace or empty and clean the waste hopper.

• If there is a line (often large), going vertically down the page,

this usually indicates a drum blade problem.
The drum blade usually needs to be replaced.
Spots on the page
If spots, like toner is being “dropped” on
the page, the problem is usually the
developer unit.
 The developer unit is seldom able to be
rebuilt and should be replaced.
If spots appear in the same place on each
copy, you may have an ink or dirt glass.
 The drum blade usually needs to be
replaced or clean.
Dark Pages
•Full black Pages
Check to ensure the density is not set
for too dark a setting and The drum may
need to be replaced.
• The toner cartridge could have a
problem.
 Try replacing it to see if that corrects the
problem.
Paper Jams

• A machine dirty with paper dust can cause a jamming

problem.
 Wipe the feed tires and the interior of the machine
with a cloth.
• Bad paper trays, gears, feed, bad sensors, all can also
cause jams papers may cause
 Clean the parts with proper material and require a
technician to repair.
 Code error problem

1.E001;E002;E003;E004;E007 on the fuser unit

part
2.E101;E103,E111 on the laser part

The solution is on practice time……

Noises
 Most noises are caused by many parts.
The problem could be fans, gears, tires or
motor and electrical components.
 If this troubleshooting information does
not solve your problem, you would be well
to contact a trained technician to advised or
repair complicated problem.
 Thank you

The end