ADOPTED PRESENTION FROM

Hole’s Human Anatomy

and Physiology
Twelfth Edition

Shier  Butler  Lewis

Chapter
9
Muscular System

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 9.1: Introduction
Three (3) Types of Muscle Tissues
• Skeletal Muscle • Cardiac Muscle
• Usually attached to bones • Wall of heart
• Under conscious control • Not under conscious control
• Somatic • Autonomic
• Striated • Striated

• Smooth Muscle
• Walls of most viscera, blood vessels
and skin
• Not under conscious control
• Autonomic
• Not striated
2
 9.2: Structure of Skeletal Muscle
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• Skeletal Muscle Aponeuroses

• Organ of the muscular system
• Skeletal muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue
• Blood
• Connective tissues
• Fascia
• Tendons Skeletal muscles

• Aponeuroses

Tendons

3
 Connective Tissue Coverings
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• Muscle coverings:
• Epimysium
Muscle

Bone
• Perimysium Fascicles

Tendon

• Endomysium Muscle fibers (cells)

Fascia
(covering muscle) Myofibrils

Epimysium
Perimysium Thick and thin filaments

• Muscle organ Endomysium

• Fascicles Fascicle

• Muscle cells or fibers Axon of motor

neuron

• Myofibrils Blood vessel Nucleus Sarcoplasmic

reticulum
Myofibril Filaments

• Thick and thin myofilaments Muscle fiber

Sarcolemma

• Actin and myosin proteins

4
• Titin is an elastic myofilament
5
 Skeletal Muscle Fibers
• Sarcolemma
• Sacroplasm Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Myofibrils

Cisternae of
• Transverse (‘T’) tubule sarcoplasmic reticulum Triad
Nucleus Transverse tubule
• Triad
• Cisternae of SR
• T tubule
• Myofibril
• Actin myofilaments Sarcoplasmic
reticulum

• Myosin myofilaments
Openings into
• Sarcomere transverse tubules
Mitochondria Nucleus

Thick and thin

filaments
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm

5
 9.3: Skeletal Muscle Contraction
• Movement within Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

the myofilaments
Skeletal muscle fiber
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum

• I band (thin)
• A band (thick and Thick (myosin) Thin (actin)
filaments filaments

thin)
• H zone (thick) Myofibril

• Z line (or disc)

• M line Sarcomere

Z line H zone Z line M line

I band A band I band A band

(a) (b)

6
 Myofilaments
• Thick myofilaments • Thin myofilaments
• Composed of myosin protein • Composed of actin protein
• Form the cross-bridges • Associated with troponin and
tropomyosin proteins
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Cross-bridges Thin filament

7
Troponin Tropomyosin Myosin Thick Actin molecule
molecule filament
 Neuromuscular Junction
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• Also known as NMJ or Synaptic
vesicles
myoneural junction
Mitochondria

• Site where an axon and

muscle fiber meet
• Parts to know: Motor
neuron axon
Acetylcholine Synaptic
cleft
• Motor neuron Folded
sarcolemma
Axon branches Motor
• Motor end plate Muscle fiber
end plate
Myofibril of
• Synapse nucleus
muscle fiber

• Synaptic cleft
• Synaptic vesicles
89
• Neurotransmitters (a)
 Animation:
Function of the
Neuromuscular Junction

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9
 Motor Unit
• Single motor neuron Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• All muscle fibers controlled Motor neuron

of motor unit 2

by motor neuron
• As few as four fibers Motor neuron
of motor unit 1

• As many as 1000’s of
muscle fibers

Branches of
motor neuron
axon
Skeletal muscle
fibers

10
 Stimulus for Contraction
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• Acetylcholine (ACh) Synaptic

vesicles
• Nerve impulse causes release of
Mitochondria
ACh from synaptic vesicles
• ACh binds to ACh receptors on
motor end plate
• Generates a muscle impulse Motor
Acetylcholine Synaptic
neuron axon
• Muscle impulse eventually Folded
cleft

reaches the SR and the cisternae Motor

sarcolemma
Axon branches
end plate
Muscle fiber
nucleus Myofibril of
muscle fiber

11
(a)
11
 Excitation-Contraction
Coupling
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• Muscle impulses cause SR to Tropomyosin

Troponin Thin filament

release calcium ions into cytosol

Actin monomers

ADP + P ADP + P

• Calcium binds to troponin to

Thick filament

1 Relaxed muscle

change its shape

Ca+2 Ca+2
Muscle contraction Muscle relaxation
Release of Ca+2 from sarcoplasmic Active transport of Ca+2 into sarcoplasmic
reticulum exposes binding sites on reticulum, which requires ATP, makes

• The position of tropomyosin is actin:

Ca+2 binds to troponin
Tropomyosin pulled aside
myosin binding sites unavailable.

ATP

altered Binding sites on

actin exposed

• Binding sites on actin are now Ca+2

ADP + P
Ca+2
ADP + P
Ca+2

exposed 2 Exposed binding sites on actin molecules

allow the muscle contraction cycle to occur

• Actin and myosin molecules bind

via myosin cross-bridges ADP + P ADP + P Contraction cycle ADP + P ADP + P

6 ATP splits, which 3 Cross-bridges

provides power to bind actin to
“cock” the myosin myosin
cross-bridges

ADP ADP
ATP ATP ATP P P

12
ATP ADP + P
5 New ATP binds to myosin, releasing linkages 4 Cross-bridges pull thin filament (power stroke),
ADP and P released from myosin

13
 The Sliding Filament Model
of Muscle Contraction
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• When sarcromeres Sarcomere

shorten, thick and thin Z line

A band
Z line

filaments slide past one

another
• H zones and I bands
narrow
1 Relaxed
Thin Thick
filaments filaments

• Z lines move closer

together
2 Contracting

13
3 Fully contracted
(a)
 Cross Bridge Cycling
• Myosin cross-bridge attaches Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Tropomyosin

to actin binding site Troponin

Actin monomers
Thin filament

• Myosin cross-bridge pulls

ADP + P ADP + P
Thick filament

1 Relaxed muscle

thin filament Muscle contraction

Ca+2 Ca+2
Muscle relaxation
Release of Ca+2 from sarcoplasmic Active transport of Ca+2 into sarcoplasmic
reticulum exposes binding sites on reticulum, which requires ATP, makes

• ADP and phosphate

actin: myosin binding sites unavailable.
Ca+2 binds to troponin ATP
Tropomyosin pulled aside

released from myosin

Binding sites on
actin exposed

Ca+2 Ca+2 Ca+2

ADP + P

• New ATP binds to

ADP + P

2 Exposed binding sites on actin molecules

myosin
allow the muscle contraction cycle to occur

• Linkage between actin ADP + P ADP + P Contraction cycle ADP + P ADP + P

and myosin cross-bridge 6 ATP splits, which

provides power to
3 Cross-bridges
bind actin to
“cock” the myosin myosin

break cross-bridges

• ATP splits ATP ATP ATP P

ADP
P
ADP

ATP ADP + P

• Myosin cross-bridge goes back

5 New ATP binds to myosin, releasing linkages 4 Cross-bridges pull thin filament (power stroke),
ADP and P released from myosin

to original position 14
 Animation:
The Cross-Bridge Cycle

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 Animation:
Breakdown of ATP
and Cross-Bridge Movement

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16
 Relaxation
• Acetylcholinesterase – rapidly decomposes Ach remaining in
the synapse
• Muscle impulse stops
• Stimulus to sarcolemma and muscle fiber membrane ceases
• Calcium moves back into sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
• Myosin and actin binding prevented
• Muscle fiber relaxes

17
 Animation:
Action Potentials
and Muscle Contraction
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 Energy Sources for
Contraction
1) Creatine phosphate and 2) Cellular respiration
• Creatine phosphate – stores energy that quickly converts
ADP to ATP
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When cellular ATP is low When cellular ATP is low

Creatine P ADP Creatine P ADP

Creatine ATP Creatine ATP

19
17
 Animation:
Energy Sources for
Prolonged Exercise
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20
 Oxygen Supply and
Cellular Respiration
• Cellular respiration: Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Anaerobic Phase 2 In the absence of

sufficient oxygen,
Glucose

Energy 2 ATP

• Glycolysis glycolysis leads to

Cytosol
lactic acid
accumulation. Pyruvic acid Lactic acid
• Occurs in cytoplasm
• Produces little ATP

Mitochondria
• Aerobic Phase 1 Oxygen carried from
the lungs by
hemoglobin in red
Citric acid
cycle

• Citric acid cycle blood cells is stored

in muscle cells by
myoglobin and is

• Electron transport system available to support

aerobic respiration.

• Occurs in the mitochondria Electron

transport
chain

• Produces most ATP CO2 + H2O + Energy

Synthesis of 34 ATP

• Myoglobin stores extra oxygen Heat

21
 Oxygen Debt
• Oxygen debt – amount of oxygen needed by liver cells to use
the accumulated lactic acid to produce glucose
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Glycogen
• Oxygen not available
• Glycolysis continues
• Pyruvic acid converted to
lactic acid Energy to
synthesize
Glucose Energy
from
• Liver converts lactic acid to ATP ATP
glucose
Pyruvic acid

Lactic acid

Glycolysis and Synthesis of glucose

lactic acid formation from lactic acid
(in muscle) (in liver)
22
 Muscle Fatigue
• Inability to contract muscle

• Commonly caused from:

• Decreased blood flow
• Ion imbalances across the sarcolemma
• Accumulation of lactic acid

• Cramp – sustained, involuntary muscle contraction

• Physiological vs. psychological fatigue

23
 Heat Production
• By-product of cellular respiration

• Muscle cells are major source of body heat

• Blood transports heat throughout body core

24
 9.4: Muscular Responses
• Muscle contraction can be observed by removing a
single skeletal muscle fiber and connecting it to a device
that senses and records changes in the overall length of
the muscle fiber.

25
 Threshold Stimulus
• Threshold Stimulus
• Minimal strength required to cause contraction

26
 Recording of a Muscle Contraction

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• Recording a Muscle Contraction

• Twitch
• Latent period
• Period of contraction
Force of contraction
• Period of relaxation
• Refractory period Latent
period
• All-or-none response
Period of Period of
contraction relaxation

Time of
stimulation Time 27
 Length-Tension Relationship
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(a) Optimal length

(b) Overly shortened (c) Overly stretched

Force

Muscle fiber length

28
 Summation
• Process by which individual twitches combine
• Produces sustained contractions
• Can lead to tetanic contractions
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contraction
Force of

(a)
contraction
Force of

(b)
contraction
Force of

29
(c)
Time
 Recruitment of Motor Units
• Recruitment - increase in the number of motor units
activated

• Whole muscle composed of many motor units

• More precise movements are produced with fewer muscle
fibers within a motor unit
• As intensity of stimulation increases, recruitment of motor
units continues until all motor units are activated

30
 Sustained Contractions
• Smaller motor units (smaller diameter axons) - recruited first

• Larger motor units (larger diameter axons) - recruited later

• Produce smooth movements

• Muscle tone – continuous state of partial contraction

31
 Types of Contractions
• Isotonic – muscle contracts and
changes length
• Isometric – muscle contracts but does
not change length
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(a) Muscle contracts with (b) Muscle contracts (c) Muscle contracts but
force greater than with force less than does not change length
resistance and resistance and (isometric contraction)
shortens (concentric lengthens (eccentric
contraction) contraction)

No
movement
Movement Movement

32
29
 Fast Twitch and Slow Twitch
Muscle Fibers
• Slow-twitch fibers (Type I) • Fast-twitch fatigue-resistant
• Always oxidative fibers (Type IIb)
• Resistant to fatigue • Intermediate fibers
• Red fibers • Oxidative
• Most myoglobin • Intermediate amount of
• Good blood supply myoglobin
• Pink to red in color
• Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (Type IIa)
• Resistant to fatigue
• White fibers (less myoglobin)
• Poorer blood supply
• Susceptible to fatigue

33
 9.5: Smooth Muscles
• Compared to skeletal muscle fibers, smooth muscle fibers
are:
• Shorter
• Single, centrally located nucleus
• Elongated with tapering ends
• Myofilaments randomly organized
• Lack striations
• Lack transverse tubules
• Sarcoplasmic reticula (SR) not well developed

34
 Smooth Muscle Fibers
• Visceral Smooth Muscle
• Single-unit smooth muscle
• Sheets of muscle fibers
• Fibers held together by gap
junctions
• Exhibit rhythmicity
• Exhibit peristalsis
• Walls of most hollow organs
• Multi-unit Smooth Muscle
• Less organized
• Function as separate units
• Fibers function separately
• Iris of eye
• Walls of blood vessels
35
 Smooth Muscle Contraction
• Resembles skeletal muscle contraction in that:
• Interaction between actin and myosin
• Both use calcium and ATP
• Both are triggered by membrane impulses

• Different from skeletal muscle contraction in that:

• Smooth muscle lacks troponin
• Smooth muscle uses calmodulin
• Two neurotransmitters affect smooth muscle
• Acetlycholine (Ach) and norepinephrine (NE)
• Hormones affect smooth muscle
• Stretching can trigger smooth muscle contraction
• Smooth muscle slower to contract and relax
• Smooth muscle more resistant to fatigue
• Smooth muscle can change length without changing tautness
36
 9.6: Cardiac Muscle

• Located only in the heart

• Muscle fibers joined together by intercalated discs

• Fibers branch

• Network of fibers contracts as a unit

• Self-exciting and rhythmic

• Longer refractory period than skeletal muscle

37
Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

38
 9.7: Skeletal Muscle Actions
• Skeletal muscles generate a great variety of body
movements.

• The action of each muscle mostly depends upon the kind

of joint it is associated with and the way the muscle is
attached on either side of that joint.

39
 Body Movement
Four Basic Components of Levers:
1. Rigid bar – bones
2. Fulcrum – point on which bar moves; joint
3. Object - moved against resistance; weight
4. Force – supplies energy for movement; muscles
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Resistance
Resistance
Resistance Force
Resistance Force

Fulcrum Fulcrum
Fulcrum Fulcrum Force Force
(a) First-class lever (b) Second-class lever

Resistance Force
Resistance

Fulcrum

(c) Third-class lever Fulcrum Force 40

 Levers and Movement
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Forearm
movement

Biceps brachii
contracting muscle

Force Radius

Relaxed
(a) muscle
Fulcrum
Resistance

Relaxed
muscle
Triceps brachii Ulna
contracting muscle

Force

Fulcrum Resistance
41
(b)
 Origin and Insertion
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Coracoid process
• Origin – immovable end
• Insertion – movable end Origins of
biceps brachii

Tendon of
long head

Tendon of
short head

Biceps
brachii

Radius

Insertion of
biceps brachii

42